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International Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology Research Article 16 min read

Nutritional Effect of Pomegranate Seed Oil in Diet

Parashar A*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2577-4360  10.23880/ijbp-16000120  Received: December 22, 2017  Published: February 02, 2018
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Keywords
&amp amp lt p&amp amp gt Conjugated Fatty Acids Punic Acid MAWR MUFA hypertension Lifestyle Related Diseases&amp amp lt /p&amp amp gt
Abstract

<p>Conjugated fatty acid, the general term of structural and steromeric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated bonds, has attracted considerable attention because of its beneficial biological effects. In the present study, dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil rich in punicic acid (9cis, 11trans, 13cis-conjugated linolenic acid; 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA) on lipid metabolism was investigated in obese, hyperlipidemic Male aledo Wistar (MAWR) rabbits. After 4 weeks feeding period, MAWR rabbits revealed obesity and hyperlipidemia compared with their progenitor AELM rabbits. Feeding of the diet supplemented with 9% safflower oil and 1% pomegranate seed oil (9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet) did not affect abdominal white adipose tissue weights and serum lipid levels compared with the diet supplemented with 10% safflower oil (control diet) in MAWR rabbits. However, the accumulated hepatic triacylglycerol was markedly decreased by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet in MAWR rabbits. Activities of hepatic enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid β-oxidation were not altered by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet. Levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), major storage form of fatty acid, in serum triacylglycerol were markedly higher in obese, hyperlipidemic MAWR rabbits than in lean AELM rabbits. In addition, 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet significantly decreased MUFA levels in MAWR rabbits. This is the first study showing that 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA suppresses delta-9 desaturation in vivo, and we suggest that the alleviation of hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet was, at least in part, attributable to the suppression of delta-9 desaturation in MAWR rabbits.</p>

Introduction

Conjugated fatty acid (CFA) is the general term of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. It has been reported that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), the CFA form of linoleic acid, has favorable physiological effects, such as antiatherosclerosis, antiobesity, antitumor, and antihypertension [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. There are also other types of CFA in some plant seed oils. Punicic acid (9_cis_, 11_trans_, 13_cis_ conjugated linolenic acid; 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA) is contained about 72% in pomegranate seed oil [10]. α- Eleostearic acid (9_cis_, 11_trans_, 13_trans_-CLNA) is contained in bitter gourd oil and tung seed oil about 60% and 70%, respectively [10, 11]. Catalpa seed oil also contains catalpic acid (9_trans_, 11_trans_, 13_cis_-CLNA) about 31% and pot mari gold seed oil contains calendic acid (8_trans_, 10_trans_, 12_cis_-CLNA) about 33% [10]. There are some studies showing that mixtures of CLNA isomers, prepared by alkaline isomerization of α- linolenic acid or plant seed oil, have some physiological functions including body fat reduction and antitumor activity [12, 13]. In addition, purified α-eleostearic acid (9c, 11t, 13t-CLNA) and α-eleostearic acid rich bitter gourd seed oil also reveal anticarcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo [10, 11, 14, 15]. However, there are few studies evaluated the physiological function of punicic acid (9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA) [10, 16]. Previously, we reported the hypolipidemic effect of purified punicic acid in human liver derived HepG2 cells [17]. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pomegranate seed oil rich in 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on lipid metabolism in Male aledo Wistar Rabbits (MAWR). MAWR rabbits develop a syndrome with multiple metabolic and hormonal disorders that shares many features with human obesity [18, 19, 20, 21]. Because they lack receptors for cholecystokinin, and become obese, developing hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. To clarify the physiological function of 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA, we measured hepatic enzyme activities in relation to lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition in plasma of these obese, hyperlipidemic rabbits (Table 1).

MAWR
AELM
Control9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA
Body weight (g)
Initial223 ± 3a266 ± 12b265 ± 8b
Final282 ± 5a357 ± 15b369 ± 11b
Gain59.4 ± 2.7a91.3 ± 3.6b104 ± 6b
Relative liver weight (g/100 g BW)3.12 ± 0.093.40 ± 0.113.35 ± 0.06
Food intake (g)17.8 ± 0.4a25.8 ± 1.1b26.2 ± 1.1b
Food efficiency (g BW gain/g intake)25.7 ± 1.0a27.3 ± 0.6b30.4 ± 1.1b

Materials and Methods

Animals and Diets

All aspects of the experiment were conducted according to the guidelines provided by the ethical committee of experimental care at CDRI, Lucknow. Five weeks old male MAWR rabbits and AELM rabbits, the progenitor of MAWR rabbits, were provided by Veterinary Institute, Mathura. Rabbits were housed individually in metal cages in temperature controlled room (24°C) under a 12-hour light/dark cycle. After a 1- week adaptation period, MAWR rabbits were assigned to two groups (six rabbits each) that were fed with a semisynthetic diet supplemented with 10% safflower oil (the control group) or a semisynthetic diet supplemented with 9% safflower oil and 1% pomegranate seed oil rich in 9_cis_, 11_trans_, 13_cis_-CLNA (the 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA group). AELM rabbits were fed the same diet as the MAWR rabbits in the control group. The pomegranate seed oil rich in 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA (69.0%) was prepared by Parijeet Co. (Haryana, India). The semi synthetic diet were prepared according to recommendations of the AIN-76 and contained (in weight %): casein, 20; fat, 10; cornstarch, 15; vitamin mixture (AIN-76™), 1; mineral mixture(AIN- 76™), 3.5; DL- methionine, 0.3; choline bitartrate,0.2; cellulose, 5; and sucrose, 45 [22]. The rabbits received different diets for 2 weeks and were killed by aortic exsanguinations under diethyl ether anesthesia. Liver and abdominal (perirenal, epididymal, and omental) WATs were also excised for analysis.

Analysis of Lipids

Serum was separated by centrifuging the blood. Triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids in serum were measured using enzyme assay kits from Analytical Chemicals, India. Liver lipids were extracted and purified according to the method of Folch, et al. [23]. The concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids were measured according to the methods of Fletcher, Sperry and Webb, and Bartlett [24, 25, 26]. Measurement of fatty acid composition in plasma was carried out as previously described [27, 28].

Preparation of Liver Sub Cellular Fractions

A piece of liver was homogenized in 6 volumes of a 0.25M sucrose solution that contained 1 mM EDTA in a

10 mM tris Tris-HCL buffer (pH 7.4). Fractions of mitochondria, microsomes, and cytosol were obtained as previously described [29]. The protein concentration was determined according to the method of Lowry, et al. with bovine serum albumin used as the standard [30].

Assays of Enzyme Activity

The enzyme activities of ME (EC 1.1.1.40), G6PDH (EC1.1.1.49), FAS (EC 2.3.1.85) in the liver cytosol fraction, mitochondrial CPT (EC2.3.1.23) and peroxisomal β-oxidation were determined as described [31, 32, 33, 34, 35].

Statistical Analysis

All values are expressed as means ± SE. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA, and all differences were inspected by Duncan's new multiple range test [36]. Differences were considered to be significant at P<0.05.

Results and Discussion

In comparison with their progenitor Asian Elegant long masculine (AELM ) rabbits, MAWR rabbits had increased body weight gain with enhanced food intake during-2-weeks feeding period (Table 1). In MAWR rabbits Food intake was not different between the groups. There was also no significant difference between groups in the relative liver weights of AELM and MAWR rabbits. Food efficiency, however, was higher in 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA group. Chin, et al. previously reported that CLA is a growth factor for rabbits as shown by enhanced weight gain and improved feed efficiency [37]. Thus, we consider that 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA may have some growth promotional function. The effect of dietary 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on the accumulation of abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) was investigated (Figure 1). After 2 weeks feeding period, MAWR rabbits developed marked abdominal obesity. Compared with AELM rabbits, the control diet increased perirenal, epididymal, and omental WAT weights of MAWR rabbits to 2.6-, 1.5-, and 2.1-fold, respectively. There was no significant effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on the accumulation of abdominal WAT in MAWR rabbits. However, 2weeks feeding of the diet supplemented with 5% pomegranate seed oil resulted in a significant reduction of omental WAT weight (by 27%) compared with the feeding of control diet in MAWR rabbits (unpublished data). These results suggested that 2 weeks feeding of 1% pomegranate seed oildiet might not be enough to reveal antiobese effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA.

Figure 1: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on abdominal white adipose tissue weight in LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on abdominal white adipose tissue weight in LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.

a,bDifferent letters show significant differences at P < 0.05. Omen, omental; Peri, perirenal; Epi, epididymal.

After the 4 weeks feeding period, MAWR rabbits revealed hyperlipidemia. Serum triacylglycerol, phospholipids, and cholesterol levels of MAWR rabbits fed the control diet were significantly higher than those of AELM rabbits fed the control diet (Figure 2). However, feeding of 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA did not affect to serum lipid levels in MAWR rabbits.

Figure 2: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on serum lipid levels in LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on serum lipid levels in LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.

a,bDifferent letters show significant differences at P < 0.05. TG, triacylglycerol; PL, phospholipids; Chol, cholesterol.

Although the present results showing that dietary 1% pomegranate seed oil rich in 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA could not alleviate hyperlipidemia in MAWR rabbits, our previous report indicated that purified 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA suppressed the secretion of apolipoprotein B100from human liver derived HepG2 cells [17]. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of purified 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA on the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia in MAWR rabbits. Next, we investigated the effect of dietary 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on the distribution of lipids to the liver. There was no significant difference in relative liver weight between control and 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA group in MAWR rabbits. Reports indicated that CLA feeding resulted in the development of hepatomegaly and fatty liver in mice [38, 39, 40], and a mixture of CLNA also induced hepatic lipid accumulation in rat [13]. In the present study, the triacylglycerol concentration in MAWR rabbits was significantly higher than that in AELM rabbits, and the triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver of MAWR rabbits was markedly. The 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet (Figure 3). There was no significant difference in liver phospholipids and cholesterol levels among groups in AELM and MAWR rabbits. These results suggest that 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA has a preventive effect against the triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver.

Figure 3: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on hepatic lipid levels in LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.
Click to enlarge
Figure 3: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on hepatic lipid levels in LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.

a,bDifferent letters show significant differences at P < 0.05. TG, triacylglycerol; PL, phospholipids; Chol, cholesterol To further investigate the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, we analyzed the effect of dietary 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on the activities of enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid β-oxidation. As shown in Figure 4A, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (ME), key enzymes of NADPH production, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), a key enzyme of fatty acid synthesis, were markedly increased in MAWR rabbits fed the control diet compared with AELM rabbits. There was no significant effect of dietary 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA on these enzyme activities in MAWR rabbits. The activities of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), a key enzyme of fatty acid β-oxidation, and peroxisomal β- oxidation were not different between MAWR and AELM rabbits. 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet did not affect on these activities in MAWR rabbits (Figure 4B). Parashar, et al. reported that a mixture of CLNA isomers, prepared by alkaline isomerization, enhanced hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation compared with linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and CLA [13]. Thus, we consider that the effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on the fatty acid β- oxidation is weak compared with those of other CLNA isomers. In addition, the alleviation of hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA could not be attributed to the regulation of enzyme activities related to the fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid β- oxidation.

Figure 4: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on activities of enzymes related to lipid metabolism, (A) G6PDH, ME, FAS (B) CPT, peroxisomal β-oxidation, in the liver of LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.
Click to enlarge
Figure 4: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on activities of enzymes related to lipid metabolism, (A) G6PDH, ME, FAS (B) CPT, peroxisomal β-oxidation, in the liver of LETO and MAWR rabbits. Rabbits were fed a control or 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet for 2 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SE for 6 rabbits.

a,bDifferent letters show significant differences at P < 0.05. To gain insight into the effect of dietary 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA on lipid metabolism, we analyzed fatty acid composition in serum triacylglycerol. As shown in Table 2, saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels were lower and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels were higher in MAWR rabbits fed the control diet than those in AELM rabbits. Feeding of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA significantly reduced MUFA levels in plasma triacylglycerol of MAWR rabbits. It has been recognized that MUFAs are the major fatty acid form in fat depots [41]. Alterations in the ratio of SFA to MUFA have been implicated in various disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes [42, 43, 44]. Therefore, the ratio of SFA to MUFA is of physiological importance in normal and disease states. A key enzyme involved in the cellular synthesis of MUFA from SFA is the membrane bound stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD), which inserts a cis double bond in the delta-9 position of fatty acid substrates. Previous reports indicated that 10t, 12c- CLA, an active isomer of antiobese effect of CLA, suppresses delta-9 desaturation and SCD activity in vitro and in vivo [45, 46, 47]. In the present study, the index of delta-9 desaturation, ratio of oleic acid (18:1) versus stearic acid (18:0), was higher in obese, hyperlipidemic MAWR rabbits. AELM rabbits and it was significantly decreased by dietary 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA in MAWR rabbits. As far as we know, this is the first study showing that 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA also suppresses delta-9 desaturation in vivo. We suggest that the alleviation of hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation by dietary 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA was, at least in part, attributable to the suppression of delta-9 desaturation in MAWR rabbits.

MAWR
AELM
Control %9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA
14:02.28 ± 0.23a1.05 ± 0.15b1.10 ± 0.13b
16:036.8 ± 0.7a28.1 ± 0.7b41.2 ± 2.7a
16:10.492 ± 0.066a3.83 ± 0.25b2.39 ± 0.20c
18:05.58 ± 0.63a3.29 ± 0.26b4.04 ± 0.32b
18:111.7 ± 0.7a24.5 ± 1.4b20.4 ± 1.4c
18:235.5 ± 0.7a33.2 ± 0.9a27.8 ± 1.4b
20:47.74 ± 0.76a4.80 ± 0.40b3.12 ± 0.44c
Desaturation index
∆9 desaturation2.18 ± 0.24a7.73 ± 0.83b5.34 ± 0.75c
∆6 desaturation0.219 ± 0.024a0.144 ± 0.009b0.110 ± 0.011b

Table 2: Effect of 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA on fatty acid composition in serum triacylglycerol.

a,b,cDifferent superscript letters show significant difference at P < 0.05.

Conclusions

Dietary pomegranate seed oil rich in 9c, 11t, 13c- CLNA alleviates hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in obese, hyperlipidemic MAWR rabbits. The mechanism of this effect could not be attributed to the regulation of enzyme activity related to fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid β-oxidation. However, suppression of delta-9 desaturation by dietary 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA may be, at least in part, Involved this effect.

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@article{parashar2018,
  title   = {Nutritional Effect of Pomegranate Seed Oil in Diet},
  author  = {Parashar A},
  journal = {International Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {3},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/ijbp-16000120}
}
Parashar A (2018). Nutritional Effect of Pomegranate Seed Oil in Diet. International Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/ijbp-16000120
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Nutritional Effect of Pomegranate Seed Oil in Diet
AU  - Parashar A
JO  - International Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology
PY  - 2018
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/ijbp-16000120
ER  -