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Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences Research Article 23 min read

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potentials of 22 Wild Mushrooms from the Western Highlands of Cameroon

Fréderic Nico Njayou*, Sandrine Appolonie Balla Ekobo, Andre Gilles Mache, Andre Ledoux Njouonkou, Cony Decock and Paul Fewou Moundipa
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2689-7822  10.23880/oajmms-16000178  Received: April 27, 2023  Published: May 24, 2023
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Keywords
Wild mushrooms Cameroon Antioxidant Hepatoprotection In vitro
Abstract

Some fungi species thanks to their antioxidant activities have been found able to protect the liver against toxic substances. There is a lack of data on the antioxidant and the hepatoprotective potential of tropical Africa mushrooms. This study was to assess the antioxidant and protective effects of 22 wild mushrooms from the Noun Division in Cameroon against the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rat liver slices. Mushroom extracts were used for polyphenols, flavonoids, thiols and total amino acids content determinations and in vitro antioxidant properties assessment in comparison to that of vitamin C using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and the superoxide dismutase-like (SOD-like) activity assays. The hepatoprotective capacity of the mushrooms extracts was evaluated by measuring their ability to inhibit the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) leakage from rat liver slices and formation of malondialdehyde (MDA). As results, the species Afroboletus luteolus, Amanita rubescens, Ganoderma applanatum, Neonothopothanus hygrophanus, Termitomyces schimperi and Tylopilus sp. demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. In addition to this activity, A. luteolus, A. rubescens, T. schimperi and Tylopilus sp. exhibited the greatest protection effect against cisplatine toxicity. This study shows that the studied wild mushroom species possess prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities and, consumption could provide both nutritional and health benefits to the population promoting contribution of fungi in food security.

Introduction

Macro fungi especially Ascomycota and Basidiomycetes that produce fruiting bodies (ascocarps and basidiocarps respectively) have been used as food or medicines for centuries all over the world. As food, edible species are well appreciated for their taste and flavor and nutrient contents. Also, they are poor in calories and rich in proteins, fibers, carbohydrates, and vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and minerals. These characteristics make them being considered as healthy food [1]. As medicines, many species have potential effects for treatment of cancer, diabetes, inflammation, heart ailments, high blood pressure, hepatic damage, constipation, renal failure and infectious diseases [2, 3]. This therapeutic potential of edible and medicinal mushrooms is due to their capacity to produce many active secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolics known to have antioxidant effects [3]. There are about 2 000 species of edible mushroom with approximately 700 effectively having pharmacological activities among which 200 are hepatoprotective [4, 5, 6]. These statistics is mainly based on mushroom species from Asia, Europe and North America as mycological and ethno mycological studies are relatively recent in tropical Africa where many species are not yet documented.

In the central African area, nearly 300 species edible mushrooms are listed [7]. Also, many species effectively used in the traditional pharmacopeia have been mentioned in this area [8, 9, 10]. However, very few works have been performed to assess the pharmacological potential of these species especially in Cameroon. The pioneer work to valorize the medicinal potential of Cameroonian mushroom species include those of Mahamat O, et al. [11, 12] on the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity of Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) Heim and T. clypeatus R. Heim. And that of Njouonkou AL, et al. [13] on the antioxidants of T. reticulates Van der Westh. & Eicker.

As it has been shown that some mushroom species have Hepatoprotective potentials thanks to their antioxidant content, we suspect that some local tropical African, especially Cameroon may also have such potentials. Hence, the purpose of the present study is to screen in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of some mushroom species of the Noun division in Cameroon against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Material and Methods

Sample Collection and Extracts Preparation

Fruits bodies of 22 mushrooms including ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic species were collected from savanna and gallery forest dominated by Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. in the Noun division mainly in Mamarom, Mamevoue and the Malap Reserve Forest. These samples were identified base on their morphology at the Laboratory of Biological Sciences of the University of Bamenda using documentations on tropical African mushrooms [7, 14]. After collection, samples of each specie were washed separately using tap water, minced, dried at 42°C using in fruit dryer (until constant weight), powdered and extracted with water or methanol. The aqueous extract was prepared by mixing 10 g of fine powder of each specie with distilled water sufficient for 100 mL, boiled for 30 minutes, centrifuged (1620g, 15min, 4°C) after cooling and the supernatant stored at -20°C until use. The methanolic extract was prepared according to Sharma SK, et al [15].

Amino Acids and Antioxidant Compounds Content Determination

Total amino acids content was quantitatively determined according to Yemm EW, et al. [16] and the concentration expressed in mg equivalence of glycine/g extract (mgEG/g extract). Cystein and other components with thiol (-SH) group were assayed as described by Ellman GL, et al. [17] and the concentration expressed in mg equivalence of cysteine/g extract (mgEC/g extract). Estimation of total phenolic compounds was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, according to the procedure described by Dhar P, et al. [18]. For total flavonoids, Aluminuim chloride (AlCl3) method was used and the concentration expressed in mg equivalence of gallic acid/g extract (mgEGA/g extract)/ quercetin equivalent/g extract (mg EQ/g extract).

Antioxidant Properties Determination

These properties were determined by measuring the ability of the extracts to scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl- hydrazyl (DPPH°) radical, reduce potassium ferricyanide and inhibit auto-oxidation of pyrogallol as described by Njouonkou AL, et al. [13].

Hepatoprotective Potential Evaluation

The hepatotoxic model based on rat liver slices according to Wormser U, et al. [19] modified by Njayou FN, et al. [20] was used with cisplatin as hepatotoxin.

Preparation of Rat Liver Slices and Incubation Time Determination

A rat was anesthetized with ketamine, quickly dissected and the liver excised, washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH7.4; 0.1 M), wrung out using filter paper. Then, the organ was cut into fine pieces, 120 mg of tissue put into the tubes containing 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), which were centrifuged (1620g, 5 min, 4°C) and the supernatant removed. This washing was repeated once more and liver slices suspended in 2 mL of Dubelcco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) medium were incubated (37°C; 5% CO2; 24 h). The aliquots (200 µL) of the incubation medium were sampled at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24h incubation times. At the end, the liver slices were crushed, centrifuged (1620g, 5min, 4°C) and the total supernatant collected, kept on ice along with the samples and used for the assay of the activity of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) following colorimetric method of Reitman S, et al. [21]. The absorbance read against the blank at 505 nm were recorded, the percentage of ALAT leakage (% ALT leakage) calculated and the incubation time obtained from the graph % ALT leakage against incubation times plotted.

Determination of Toxic Concentration 50 (CT50) of Cisplatin

The liver slices suspended in DMEM medium were intoxicated with cisplatin diluted in 0.9% NaCl (w/v) at different final concentrations of 0.01; 0.1; 1 and 10 µg/ mL. In the control tube, 0.9% NaCl was put. The whole was homogenized and incubated (37°C; 5% CO2) for the predetermined time. At the end of the incubation, 200 µL of culture medium were sampled from each tube and the liver slices were crushed, centrifuged (1620g, 5min, 4°C) and supernatants collected for ALAT activity assay. % ALT leakage was calculated and the CT50 obtained from the graph % ALT leakage against the logarithm of the concentration of cisplatin.

Hepatoprotective Effect Assessment

Four series of tubes containing rat liver slices were used: the negative control treated with 0.9% NaCl, the intoxicated control treated with cisplatin at predetermined CT50, the test tubes and the positive control pretreated with mushroom extract and silymarin at final concentration of 100 µg/mL respectively, for 30 min before being intoxicated with cisplatin for 30 min. Tubes were then incubated (37°C, 5% CO2) for the predetermined incubation time, sampled, homogenate prepared, centrifuged (1620g, 5min, 4°C) and the supernatant collected for ALAT activity assessment and malondialdehyde (MDA) according to Wilbur KM, et al. [22] for hepatoprotective percentage calculation.

Statistical Analysis

The experiments were carried out in triplicated and the results presented as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analysis was carried out using GRAPHPAD PRISM 5.03 software. Comparisons between the standard and control series were made by one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA). For the series showing a significant difference between the variances, the means were compared by the turkey test. The probability p<0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

Amino Acids and Antioxidant Compounds Content

Amino acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and thiol compounds were determined at variable levels in mushroom extracts (Table 1). The total amino acids content varies from 0.770 mg GlyE/g extract in Lentinus squarrosulus to 26.338 mg GlyE/g extract in Chamaemyces fracidus. That of thiols coumpounds from 0.020 mg CysE/g extract in Ganoderma applanatum to 1.758mg CysE/g extract in T. aurantiacus. The flavonoid content was ranged from 0.357 mg GAE/g extract in Lactifluus longipes to 12.376 mg GAE/g extract in Tylopilus sp.. The highest polyphenols content was obtained in Afroboletus luteolus (235.984 mgQE/g extract) followed by Lactifluus rubroviolascens, and Ganoderma applanatum with 82.954 mg QE/g extract and 59.848mg QE/g extract, respectively. In general, for all Termitomyces, the lowest polyphenols content was 28.030mg QE/g extract in T. aurantiacus.

Antioxidant Properties of the Mushroom Extracts

All tested species exhibited antiradical and superoxide dismutase inhibition of pyrogallol autoxidation (SOD-like activity) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at variable levels compare to vitamin C used as a reference antioxidant.

Polyphenols
(mg QE/g
extract)		Flavonoids
(mg GAE/g
extract)		Total amino
acids mg
GlyE/g extract		Thiols (mg
CysE/g
extract)
Afroboletus luteolus (Heinem.) Pegler & T.W.K. Young235.98 ± 0.543.04 ± 0.151.07 ± 0.120.38 ± 0.04
Amanita rubescens Pers.23.11 ± 2.681.19 ± 0.1511.95 ± 1.700.05 ± 0.01
Chamaemyces fracidus (Fr.) Donk4.942 ± 0.5351.14 ± 0.1026.34 ± 2.360.89 ± 0.01
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.59.85 ± 2.142.04 ± 0.251.71 ± 0.060.02 ± 0.01
Gymnopilus zenkeri (Henn.) Sing.21.97 ± 3.213.86 ± 0.105.35 ± 1.700.12 ± 0.01
Lactifluus gymnocarpus (Heim ex Sing.) Verbeken46.59 ± 0.541.76 ± 1.312.40 ± 0.910.45 ± 0.01
Lactifluus longipes (Verbeken) Verbeken6.82 ± 3.210.36 ± 0.002.76 ± 0.331.07 ± 0.03
Lactifluus persicinus Delgat & De Crop23.86 ± 8.042.36 ± 0.616.85 ± 1.150.45 ± 0.01
Lactifluus rubroviolascens (Heim) Verbeken82.95 ± 0.552.89 ± 0.2513.39 ± 0.670.52 ± 0.06
Lentinus cladopus Lev.47.35 ± 0.541.21 ± 0.107.52 ± 0.330.35 ± 0.02
Lentinus squarrosulus Mont.6.06 ± 1.071.14 ± 0.000.77 ± 0.120.26 ± 0.04
Neonothopanus hygrophanus (Mont.) De Kesel & Degr.43.94 ± 5.344.36 ± 0.101.84 ± 0.120.62 ±0.07
Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel.19.70 ± 2.140.79 ± 0.3010.06 ± 0.550.22 ± 0.00
Russula meleagris Heim21.97 ± 3.212.21 ± 0.301.41 ± 0.120.74 ± 0.03
Schizophyllum commune Fr.48.86 ±1.613.96 ± 0.352.85 ± 0.580.27 ± 0.04
Termitomyces aurantiacus (Heim) Heim28.03 ± 5.360.82 ± 0.1517.24 ± 2.151.76 ± 0.01
Termitomyces clypeatus Heim36.36 ± 3.211.79 ± 0.1019.08 ± 1.360.68 ± 0.04
Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) Heim43.94 ± 0.000.43 ± 0.0019.42 ± 0.090.48 ±0.09
Termitomyces mboudaena Mossebo50.00 ± 7.459.32 ± 0.4517.52 ± 1.510.74 ± 0.05
Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) Heim37.88 ± 3.218.61 ± 0.5120.75 ± 0.270.75 ± 0.02
Termitomyces umkowaan (Cooke & M.assee) Reid.51.89 ± 5.892.93 ± 0.6121.84 ± 0.180.54 ± 0.04
Tylopilus sp.87.88 ± 0.065.38 ± 0.9712.38 ± 0.971.34 ± 0.06

Table 1: Total amino acids and antioxidant contents of studied mushroom species. QE: Quercetin Equivalent; GAE: Gallic Acid Equiv

Table 1: Total amino acids and antioxidant contents of studied mushroom species. QE: Quercetin Equivalent; GAE: Gallic Acid Equivalent; GlyE: Glycin Equivalent; CysE: Cysteine Equivalent The scavenging effect of the DPPH radical varied from 4.28 in Chamaemyces fracidus to 96.06% in Ganoderma applanatum (Figure 1) the effect of this latter species being more or less equal to that of vitamin C. The percentage inhibition of the auto-oxidation of pyrogallol by the different extracts and vitamin C is presented in the (Figure 2). All the species had low inhibition percentage compared to vitamine C that yield (59.60%). The highest inhibition was obtained with A. rubescens (45.16%) and the lowest with L.

persicinus (39.10%). Regarding the FRAP property shown in the (Figure 3), Lactifluus longipes and Afroboletus luteolus had respectively the lowest and the highest activities 0.074 and 1.711. Moreover, Afroboletus luteolus (1.51 ± 0.08), Termitomyces shimperi (1.25 ± 0.01), Chamaemyces fracidus. (1.22 ± 0.01), Amanita rubescens (1.17 ± 0.01), Termitomyces clypeatus (1.12 ± 0.02) showed an activity greater than that of vitamin C (1.072 ± 0.00).

Figure 1: 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH°) radical scavenging effect of the studied mushroom species.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH°) radical scavenging effect of the studied mushroom species.
Figure 2: Superoxide dismutase inhibition of pyrogallol autoxidation (SOD-like activity) of the studied mushroom species.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Superoxide dismutase inhibition of pyrogallol autoxidation (SOD-like activity) of the studied mushroom species.
Figure 3: Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) effect of the studied different mushroom species.
Click to enlarge
Figure 3: Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) effect of the studied different mushroom species.

Hepatoprotective Effect of the Mushroom Extracts

Incubation Time of Rat Liver Slices and the Toxic Concentration 50 (CT50) of Cisplatin As shown in the figure 4a, the percentage of ALAT leakage increased with the concentration of cisplatin and the CT50 was estimated at 1.135 ± 0.135µg/mL. Therefore, the lower limit of the interval (1µg /mL) was used for the study. Similarly, in the (Figure 4b), the percentage of ALAT leakage from rat liver slices in the absence of cisplatin was only 20.70 ± 0.03 not significantly different from the initial activity (17.06%) after 4 hours of incubation. Therefore, the chosen incubation time of the rat liver slices was 4 hours.

Figure 4: Leakage of ALAT from the rat liver slices: a. incubated in the presence of cisplatin at different concentrations for 4 hours b. incubated in the absence of cisplatin for 24h.
Click to enlarge
Figure 4: Leakage of ALAT from the rat liver slices: a. incubated in the presence of cisplatin at different concentrations for 4 hours b. incubated in the absence of cisplatin for 24h.

Effect of pretreatment with the mushroom extracts on hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rat liver slices The mushroom extracts significantly inhibited cisplatin hepatotoxicity. This inhibition activity is presented on (Figures 5 & 6) showing effect on ALAT leakage and MDA formation respectively. Compared to the intoxicated and untreated (81.73 % and 22.71 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver) rat liver slices, apart from Lactifluus gymnocarpus, the pretreatment significantly (p<0.05) inhibited ALAT leakage and MDA formation in the incubation medium. Interestingly, inhibition effect observed with Termitomyces schimperi (23.43% and 2.40 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver), Amanita rubescens (23.92% and 2.34 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver), Gymnopilus zenkeri (26,82% and 3.33 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver), Afroboletus luteolus (26.42% and 2.80 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver) and Lentinus cladopus (25.10% and 2.54 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver) was very close to that of non- intoxicated (normal) liver slices (23.90% and 3.39 E-05 mol MDA/g of liver).

Figure 5: Inhibition activity of mushroom extracts on ALAT leakage from pretreated rat liver slices intoxicated or not with cisplatin.
Click to enlarge
Figure 5: Inhibition activity of mushroom extracts on ALAT leakage from pretreated rat liver slices intoxicated or not with cisplatin.
Figure 6: Inhibition activity of mushroom extracts on MDA formation in pretreated rat liver slices intoxicated or not with cisplatin.
Click to enlarge
Figure 6: Inhibition activity of mushroom extracts on MDA formation in pretreated rat liver slices intoxicated or not with cisplatin.

Discussion

There are many evidence that antioxidants protect against chronic diseases and aging by inhibiting or reducing the oxidation processes that produce free radicals [23]. So, the antioxidant properties of mushroom species from Cameroon were investigated. At the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the investigation is carried out. Some of the studied species including A. rubescens, G. applanatum, L. squarrosulus, L. cladopus, T. clypeatus, T. letestui, T. schimperi, P. pulmonarus and S. commune had been screened elsewhere for their antioxidant potential [15, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. The amino acids contribute and display potent antioxidant activities in edible mushrooms [29, 30]. The range of amino acids contents felt more or less within the intervals found for many mushroom species [30] but were far lower than that of some Korean cultivated species [31]. C. fracidus has the highest amount (26.34 ± 2.36 GlyE/g extract) of amino acids contents. Globally, the Termitomyces had high content of amino acid compared to that of T. reticulatus obtained by Njouonkou A-L, et al. [13] but lower than in T. eurrhizus, T. globulus and T. microcarpus [30, 32]. The total amino acids contents of mushrooms species may be ranked as follow: C. fracidus> T. umkowaani>T. schimperi>T. letestui>T. clypeatus>T. mboudaena>T. aurantiacus>L. rubroviolascens>T. sp.>A. rubescens>P. pulmonarius>L. cladopus>L. pirsicinus>G. zenkeri>S. commune>L. longipes>L. gymnocarpus>G. applanatum>N. hygrophanus>R. meleagris>A. luteolus> L. squarrosulus.

Thiols include many organic compounds that contain a sulphydryl group (-SH) [33]. Recorded 7 thiol compounds in Pleurotus ostreatus. These compounds are important antioxidant and those present on protein are considered as major plasma antioxidants in vivo [24, 34]. T. aurantiacus was found to possess the highest thiols content (1.76 ± 0.01 mg CysE/g extract). Even though the presence of thiols metabolites may lower the food quality of mushrooms, they increased the medicinal value [33].

Phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties due to their ability to act as hydrogen donor and metal chelating [35]. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds widely distributed in plants and create a significant portion of the human diet [36]. The extract of A. luteolus has the highest amount of the total phenolic content (235.98 ± 0.54 mg QE/g extract) while that of T. mboudaena has the highest amount of the total flavonoid content (9.32 ± 0.45 mg GAE/g extract). However, flavonoid content in wild Ganoderma applanatum was higher than that obtained by Moyen UPK, et al. [37] from cultivated samples of G. lucidum (Curt: Fr.) P. Karst. in Bangladesh, but lower than the one found by Siangu BN, et al. [38] from Kenya. The total phenolic contents of mushroom species were found in the following order: A. luteolus> L. rubroviolascens> G. applanatum> T. umkowaani> T. mboudaena> S. commune> L. cladopus> L. gymnocarpus> T. letestui> N. hygrophanus> T. schimperi> T. clypeatus> T. aurantiacus> > L. pirsicinus A. rubescens> G. zenkeri > R. meleagris> P. pulmonarius > L. longipes> L. squarrosulus > C. fracidus> Tylopilus sp.

The antioxidant properties of the mushroom extracts were studied assaying their DPPH free radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power and SOD-like activity effects. All the extracts demonstrated antiradicalar activity scavenging DPPH and the activity of G. applanatum was comparable to that of vitamine C. In the literature, methanolic extract of Suillus luteus and Boletus edulis was also found to be as antiradicalar as vitamine C [39]. Species of the genus Ganoderma especially G. lucidum are known as a popular medicinal mushroom efficient against a variety of human disease, containing several bioactive compounds and having noticeable antioxidant activities [26, 40, 41]. Hence, these results are a support of the universally recognized bioactive richness and pharmacological potential of Ganoderma. Globally, other saprotrophic species including G. zenkeri, L. squarrosulus, N. hygrophanus, P. pulmonarius and S. commune presented great antioxidant activities. Apart from G. zenkeri and N. hygrophanus that the antioxidant potentials seem to be investigated for the first time, the three others are largely consumed as food or medicine especially in the tropical area and have been noticed to have antioxidant [27, 42, 43, 44].

In this study, all extract of termite associated mushrooms have shown effective antioxidant activities in accordance with previous results concerning Termitomyces [13, 43, 45, 46, 47]. Among investigated members of this genus, T. umkowaan had the highest DPPH and SOD-like activities while T. schimperi had the strongest FRAP activity. According to Karun NC, et al. [46] T. umkowaan from India possesses high nutritional value including antioxidant components with bioactive principles that are not affected by pressure cooking. Also, Abena AA , et al. [48] found that steamed extract of T. schimperi from Ghana had the strongest scavenger of DPPH than the unprocessed extract.

Ectomycorrhizal species investigated also shown important antioxidant activities. In this group, L. longipes had the highest percentage of DPPH scavenging activity, A. luteolus the best FRAP and A. rubescens the greatest percentage of SOD-like activity. Most of the species of this trophic group investigated in the present study have never been studied for their antioxidant activity properties. But, many studies demonstrated these potential for some members of the family of Boletaceae and Russulaceae [27, 39, 43, 49]. A. rubescens in this study had considerable antioxidant capacity; this was also observed by other researchers Mbayo MK, et al. & Kosanic M, et al. [50, 51] Liver damage is a largely spread health problem involving oxidative stress resulting into the liver injury associated with dysfunction of hepatocytes due to exposure to drug or viruses [6]. When membrane integrity of the liver cells is lost upon oxidation of membrane polyunsaturated lipid, cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content increases and the cytoplasmic enzymes such as ALAT are released into the blood stream or the incubation medium [6]. Hence, ALAT activity and MDA content of the culture medium are important markers of hepatotoxicity. Thus, a substance preventing ALAT leakage and membrane lipid peroxidation is Hepatoprotective.

In the present study, intoxication of rat liver slices with cisplatin induced damage evidenced by the high level of ALAT and MDA in the culture medium. Pretreatment of liver slices by mushroom extracts lowered the level of both markers supporting the hepatoprotective activity of the tested species against cisplatin induced-damage. Several studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of mushrooms against toxicity induced by various toxins including carbon tetrachloride, cisplatin, deltametrin, ethanol, paracetamol and thioacetamide [6, 52].

Concerning especially mushroom Hepatoprotection against cisplatin, [52] found that extract of G. lucidum suppressed cisplatin-induced hepatic injury in rats. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of G. applanatum was also observed and species that shown the highest protective effect were A. rubescens, T. schimperi, L. cladopus and A. luteolus. The two first species have been mentioned in many studies for their antioxidant activities as well as bioactive potentials [24, 27, 50, 53].

A. Luteolus is an ectomycorrhizal species growing in association with many tropical African autotrophic trees; it is eaten by some local communities but with lesser interest [45]. Up to date, there is a scarcity of data on its biochemical and biotechnological potentials; this study reveals that it possesses nutritional and pharmacological interest. L. cladopus a wood-associated edible species is also of poor interest in many area; however, it possesses putative antimicrobial potentials [54]. Also, the present study highlights antioxidant activities and the liver protection capacity of this species.

Globally, the hepatoprotective potentials of the studied species could be assigned to the antioxidant activities of various species; however, as some species with low antioxidant activities shown high liver protection effect, it can be suggested that other bioactive compounds are responsible of these activities.

Liver damage is a largely spread health problem involving oxidative stress resulting into the liver injury associated with dysfunction of hepatocytes due to exposure to drug or viruses [6]. When membrane integrity of the liver cells is lost upon oxidation of membrane polyunsaturated lipid, cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content increases and the cytoplasmic enzymes such as ALAT are released into the blood stream or the incubation medium [6]. Hence, ALAT activity and MDA content of the culture medium are important markers of hepatotoxicity. Thus, a substance preventing ALAT leakage and membrane lipid peroxidation is hepatoprotective.

In the present study, intoxication of rat liver slices with cisplatin induced damage evidenced by the high level of ALAT and MDA in the culture medium. Pretreatment of liver slices by mushroom extracts lowered the level of both markers supporting the hepatoprotective activity of the tested species against cisplatin induced-damage. Several studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of mushrooms against toxicity induced by various toxins including carbon tetrachloride, cisplatin, deltametrin, ethanol, paracetamol and thioacetamide [6, 52].

Concerning especially mushroom Hepatoprotection against cisplatin, Hassan HM, et al. [52] found that extract of G. lucidum suppressed cisplatin-induced hepatic injury in rats. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of G. applanatum was also observed and species that shown the highest protective effect were A. rubescens, T. schimperi, L. cladopus and A. luteolus. The two first species have been mentioned in many studies for their antioxidant activities as well as bioactive potentials [24, 27, 50, 53].

A. Luteolus is an ectomycorrhizal species growing in association with many tropical African autotrophic trees; it is eaten by some local communities but with lesser interest [45]. Up to date, there is a scarcity of data on its biochemical and biotechnological potentials; this study reveals that it possesses nutritional and pharmacological interest. L. cladopus a wood-associated edible species is also of poor interest in many area; however, it possesses putative antimicrobial potentials [54]. Also, the present study highlights antioxidant activities and the liver protection capacity of this species.

Globally, the Hepatoprotective potentials of the studied species could be assigned to the antioxidant activities of various species; however, as some species with low antioxidant activities shown high liver protection effect, it can be suggested that other bioactive compounds are responsible of these activities.

Conclusion

This study shows that the selected edible and medicinal wild mushroom species possess prominent antioxidant activities. Species including A. luteolus, A. rubescens, G. applanatum, N. hygrophanus, T. schimperi and Tylopilus sp. exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. In addition to this activity, A. luteolus, A. rubescens, T. schimperi and Tylopilus sp. demonstrated the greatest protection effect against cisplatin toxicity. Hence, it appears that consumption of these wild mushrooms could provide both nutritional and health benefits to the population. It is then interesting to extend the study to other species in order to promote contribution of mushrooms in food security in tropical Africa especially in Cameroon.

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@article{frderic2023,
  title   = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potentials of 22 Wild Mushrooms from the Western Highlands of Cameroon},
  author  = {Fréderic Nico Njayou, Sandrine Appolonie Balla Ekobo, Andre Gilles Mache, Andre Ledoux Njouonkou, Cony Decock and Paul Fewou Moundipa},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences},
  year    = {2023},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajmms-16000178}
}
Fréderic Nico Njayou, Sandrine Appolonie Balla Ekobo, Andre Gilles Mache, Andre Ledoux Njouonkou, Cony Decock and Paul Fewou Moundipa (2023). Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potentials of 22 Wild Mushrooms from the Western Highlands of Cameroon. Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmms-16000178
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potentials of 22 Wild Mushrooms from the Western Highlands of Cameroon
AU  - Fréderic Nico Njayou, Sandrine Appolonie Balla Ekobo, Andre Gilles Mache, Andre Ledoux Njouonkou, Cony Decock and Paul Fewou Moundipa
JO  - Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences
PY  - 2023
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/oajmms-16000178
ER  -