Low-Status and Immigrants: A Call for Inclusion in the 25x25 Global Initiative
The 2013–20 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NonCommunicable Diseases (NCDs) targets seven major risk factors, comprising the harmful use of alcohol, current tobacco use, raised blood pressure, intake of salt or sodium, insufficient physical activity, diabetes, and obesity. These are known as the 25 × 25 risk factors, with the aim of reducing premature mortality from NCDs by 25% by 2025 [1]. This plan is extremely relevant an urgent to population health in most countries, as it could significantly reduce premature death and promote economic growth, human development and wellbeing. However, it needs further attention to socioeconomic position and international migration as additional key risk factors to human health.
References
-
WHO (2013) Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013- 2020.
-
Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, Avendano M, Muennig P, et al. (2017) Socioeconomic status and the 25 x 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1.7 million men and women. Lancet 389(10075): 1229-1237.
-
Pickett KE, Wilkinson RG (2015) Income inequality and health: a causal review. Soc Sci Med 128: 316- 326.
-
Cabieses B, Bernales M, van der Laat C (2016) Health for all migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean. The lancet Psychiatry 3(5): 402.
-
Siriwardhana C, Wickramage K (2016) Mental health of migrants in low-skilled work and the families they leave behind. lancet Psychiatry 3(2): 194-195.
-
IOM (2014) Global migration trends: an overview. Geneva: Migration Research Division, International Organization for Migration.
-
Mindlis I, Boffetta P (2017) Mood disorders in first- and second-generation immigrants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br j psychiatry 210(3): 182-189.
-
De Maio FG (2010) Immigration as pathogenic: a systematic review of the health of immigrants to Canada. International journal for equity in health 9: 27.
-
Vang ZM, Sigouin J, Flenon A, Gagnon A (2017) Are immigrants healthier than native-born Canadians? A systematic review of the healthy immigrant effect in Canada. Ethn health 22(3): 209-241.
-
Cabieses B, Bernales M, McIntyre A (2017) International migration as a social determinant of health in Chile: evidence and proposals for public policies.
- Intersecting Epidemics and Climate Vulnerabilities in Conflict- Driven Displacement: Epidemiology, Systemic Challenges, and One Health Gaps in South Sudan
- Advancing Domestic Health Financing for Community Health System Sustainability in South Sudan: The Boma Health Initiative Model (2025–2035)
- Prevalence and Correlates of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kisumu County, Kenya
- Medical, Ethical, and Legal Conflicts Surrounding Euthanasia in Argentina. Its Global Implications
- Knowledge and Attitude on Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls Studying in Secondary Level in Public Schools of Chitwan District, Nepal
- Biological Efficacy of an Adulticide Mixture (clothianidin + deltamethrin) as an Indoor Residual Spray against Adult Anopheles flavirostris in Palawan, the Philippines