Vaccine up to Date: RNA Vaccines and RNA Immunotherapeutics

Ibrahim Mohammad Saeed Shnawa

doi:10.23880/vvoa-16000102

Vaccines & Vaccination Open Access Research Article 2 min read

Vaccine up to Date: RNA Vaccines and RNA Immunotherapeutics

Ibrahim Mohammad Saeed Shnawa^*

^* Corresponding author

ISSN: 2578-5044 10.23880/vvoa-16000102 Received: July 6, 2016 Published: July 13, 2016

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Keywords

Vaccine RNA Vaccines RNA Immunotherapeutics

Abstract

The body of human being is considered as a sort of biological system. Such system ends up to building blocks, the cells. These building blocks stand as a miniaturized biological system that contained an array of several kinds of bio-macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These cellular biomacromolecules, in turn act as molecular machines inside the cells.

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discovered and to be discovered immune potentials (Table 1). The today notion holds that long non-coding RNA functioned as regulators of infection processs, immune response to infections, tumorogenic and tumorocidal processes, and vaccine immune-adjuvants [5]. As well as the coding RNA act as vaccines. Therefore, what promising now is that coding and long non-coding RNA vaccine and vaccine adjuvants which are still in their infancy state [6], suggest an optimistic prospectus pinpointing that these RNA vaccine preparations are promising for prophylaction and /or treatment (Tables 2- 4) of some infectious and cancerous diseases [7, 8, 9, 10]. May and may not be we are still in life witnessing of the integration of the biology of RNA, biology of DNA (Since DNA vaccine were already known) with current vaccinology and to a step further towards Nucleic acid vaccines as main branch in continuum with the current molecular vaccines.

Tables mRNA
Preventive and therapeutic RNA vaccines
Coding miRNA
Immune regulation on innate and adaptive immunity.
Noncoding miRNA
Regulation of development and function of Immune cells and
Regulation of innate and adaptive immune response.

Table 1: The immune functions of RNA [8-10].

	Viral Infection		Influenzae, Rabies, HIV.
	Bacterial		Tuberculosis.

Table 2: Immune mechanisms behind RNA vaccine in vaccinated (6).

Preventative and therapeutic cancer vaccines
Melanoma
Lung cancer
Prostate cancer
Check point inhibitor, siRNA

Table 3: RNA based preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines preclinical and limited clinical phase [6].

Preparation of RNA vaccine, stabilization, naked or encapsulated.
Manipulated into APC, transcribed, and translated into protein of vaccine specificity.
Triggering the TH0 and activated into TH1, TH2 which in turn activate naive B cell.
Clonal expansion of effector antibody producing, and memory B cells
Immune conversion of baseline vaccine specific antibody to clinical vaccine specific antibody titres that may mediate immune protection

Table 4: Immune mechanisms behind RNA vaccine in vaccinated (6).

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MicroRNAs, synthesis, mechanisms, function and recent clinical trails, Bichemica Biophysica Acta, Molecular Cell researchs 1803(11): 1231-1243.

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University Press, Oxford, pp. 232-272.

5. Li Z, Rana TM (2014) Decoding and non-coding RNA;

Prospective of Lnc RNA mediated innate immune regulation, RNA Biol 11(8): 979-985.

6. Hubaud A (2015) A Plog on RNA Vaccine: A Novel

technology to prevent and treat diseases, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School.

7. Sayour EJ, Sanchez-Perez L, Flores C, Mitchell DA

(2015) Bridging infectious disease vaccines with cancer immunotherapy: role of RNA based immunotheraputics. J Immunother Cancer 3: 13.

8. Ansel KM (2013) RNA regulation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 253(1): 5-11.

9. Geng H, Tan XD (2016) Functional diversity of long non-coding RNA in Immune regulation. Gene & Disease 3(1): 72-81.

10. McNamara MA, Nair SK, Holl EK (2015) RNA based vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 794528.

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