Zanthoxylum Armatum: A Systemic Review of its EthnoMedicinal Properties, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology

Bhattacharjee A; Biplab Kumar D; Das B; Dkhar D and Kachari D

doi:10.23880/apct-16000162

Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials Research Article 13 min read

Zanthoxylum Armatum: A Systemic Review of its EthnoMedicinal Properties, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology

Bhattacharjee A^*, Biplab Kumar D, Das B, Dkhar D and Kachari D

^* Corresponding author

ISSN: 2474-9214 10.23880/apct-16000162 Received: July 02, 2019 Published: July 29, 2019

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Keywords

Zanthoxylum armatum Ethnomedicine Phytochemistry Pharmacology

Abstract

Background: Zanthoxylum armatum DC., a popular spice and traditional medicine is widely distributed throughout North Eastern region of India. The plant has been used in different indigenous medicinal practices to cure several diseases associated with digestive and nervous system. Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review on taxonomy, ethnomedicinal properties, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this plant. Furthermore, the possible development and perspectives for future research on this plant are also discussed.Materials and methods: Upto date information was gathered through a search of different books, journals, articles, annual reports, proceedings and web-based materials. Result: The different plant parts like leaves, fruits, stem, bark, seeds and roots are enriched with various secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, sterols, phenolics, lignins, coumarins, terpenoids and flavonoids. It is considered as one of the most valued commercial trade medicinal plant due to its multidirectional therapeutic applications in Ayurveda and other traditional system of medicine. Pharmacological findings revealed its potential as nootropic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, insecticidal/larvicidal drug. Conclusion: Zanthoxylum armatum is one of the important folklore medicinal plants cultivated in North Eastern region of India. Its diverse therapeutic applications can be associated with the presence of various secondary metabolites. The various ethno-pharmacological applications of Zanthoxylum armatum have been verified by several related researches. More extensive study on the individual specific phyto-component can lead to novel innovations for the well-being of mankind.

Introduction

Medicinal plants represent a great deal of untapped reservoir of natural medicines. The structural diversity of their phytoconstituents makes them a valuable source of novel lead compounds for the quest of drugs to treat acute and chronic diseases. Indian subcontinent has richest plant based medicinal traditional system because of its rich biodiversity [1]. These herbal medicines are mainly used for health care due to their better economy and lesser side effects on human body. The Indian Himalayan region contains about 1,748 different species of medicinal plants [2].

Among them Zanthoxylum armatum DC (Z armatum) (Family: Rutaceace) is regarded as an important medicinal plant due to its immense therapeutic efficacy. It is commonly known as Indian Prickly Ash, Nepal Pepper or Toothache tree. It is widely distributed in India, from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes up to 2,500 m, also occurs throughout North East India [3]. It is also found throughout most of China, Taiwan, Nepal, Philippines, Malaysia, Pakistan and Japan at altitudes of 1,300-1,500 m. Valleys and thickets in the mountains, wasteland and the under-storey of mixed forest are customary locations of the species [4].

It is a small tree or large spiny shrub. Leaves are distinctively trifoliolate with the leaf-stalk winged. Leaflets are stalk less, 2.0-7.5 × 1.0-1.7 cm, elliptic to ovate-lace like, entire to slightly toothed, sharp tipped, base sometimes oblique. Minute yellow flowers arise in leaf axils. Flowers have 6-8 acute sepals. Petals are absent. Male flowers have 68 stamens and large anthers because of which the flowers look yellow. Female flowers have 1-3 celled ovary, pale red, splitting into two when ripe. Seeds are round 3 mm in diameter with shining black color. The plant is adapted to subtropical climate of lower warm valleys of the Himalayas with sufficient rainfall [5]. The flowering period is from March to April (Figure 1). The taxonomical profile is detailed below (Table 1).

Binomial name
Kingdom:	Plantae
Class:	Angiosperms
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Genus:	Zanthoxylum
Species:	Z. armatum
Zanthoxylum armatum

Table 1: Taxonomy of _Z. armatum._

Figure: Parts of Z. armatum

Traditional Uses

The bark, fruits and seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum are extensively used in indigenous system of medicine as a carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic drug. The fruit and seeds are employed as an aromatic tonic in fever and dyspepsia [6]. An extract of the fruits is reported to be effective in expelling round worms. Because of their deodorant, disinfectant and antiseptic properties, the fruits are used in oral hygienic preparations, and their lotion for scabies [7]. They are also used to insect repellant agent. The natives of North America crush the bark and apply on their gums for relief hence it is known as the toothache tree. It is used in China and India as snake bite remedy. In China the dried fruits are marketed, and appear as small red carpels containing the black, shinning, pungent and somewhat acrid-tasting seeds, which are about 3.1 mm across [8]. The fruits have also been used, since classical times, for pickling. The traditional uses of Z. armatum are listed in Table 2.


1	India	Seeds and bark	fever, dyspepsia cholera.	6
1	India	Aerial parts	Insecticidal	6
2	Japan	Seed	GIT problems and depression.	9
3	Nepal	Fruit	Decoction is used for abdominal pain.	8
		Berries	Carminative, antispasmodic, anti-rheumatic and skin diseases.	8
		Bark	Cholera, diabetes and asthma.	8
		fruits	Pickles are useful for cold & cough, tonsillitis, high altitude sickness, limbs numbness, vertigo/dizziness. Dried powdered decoction against diarrhoea, dysentery and stomachache.	8
4	Pakistan	Fruit	Spice and condiment. Powder of its dried fruit along with Mentha longifolia dried leaves, Trachyspermum ammi seeds and black salt is taken with water during cholera and indigestion. Twigs are used as toothbrush during gum problems and toothache.	9 8
5	China	Aerial plant	An infusion in vinegar is used to expel bugs or worms infecting ear. Scabies is treated by the plant, using a lotion applied to the skin.	10
6.	Malaysia, Thailand	Branches and stems	Stomach tonic, to treat snake bites	11

Table 2: The traditional uses of _Z. armatum_.

Phytochemistry

Various phytochemical constituents like terpenoids, ﬂavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, lignins, coumarins, glycosides have been extracted from different parts of the plant. Monoterpenes like linalool and limonene are the major constituents of the essential oil. Seeds contain hydroxylic (4Z) enolic acid and various volatile compounds. GC-MS analysis of essential oil revealed presence of Linalool (53.05%), Bergamot mint oil (12.73%), Limonene di epoxide (11.39%) , α-pinene (4.08%), β-Myrcene (3.69%)and β-Limonene (3.10%) as major constituents [12, 13, 14]. A number of alkaloids and coumarins viz. berberine, fagarine, magnoﬂorine, laurifoline, nitidine, chelerythrine, tambetarine and candicine, and coumarins viz. xanthyletin, zanthoxyletin, alloxanthyletin has been isolated and reported have been isolated and reported from different parts of the plant [15]. A new amide designated as armatamide along with two lignans, asarinin and fargesin, have been isolated from the bark extract [16]. From the alcoholic extract of the stem bark, a new ﬂavonoid glycoside has also been isolated [17]. The main components of the oil are oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid methyl ester, limonene and linalool [18]. The carpels yield a volatile oil, resin, yellow acid principle, and crystalline solid body, xanthoxylin [19]. Various types of phytoconstituents and their structures are summarized in Table 3 & 4 respectively.


A. Terpenoids
1	α-Fenchol	Seed	12
2	α-Terpinene	Seed	12
3	α-Thujene	Seed	12
4	α-Thujone	Seed	12
5	α-Pinene	Seed	12
6	α-copaene	Leaf oil	12
7	α-Terpineol	Seed	12
8	alpha-phellandrene	Leaf oil	12
9	β-Pinene	Seed	12
10	beta- Myrcene	Leaf oil	12
11	β -Cymene	Leaf oil	12
12	β-Phellandrene	Seed	12
13	β-Terpeneol	Leaf oil	12
14	Camphene	Seed, leaf oil	12
15	Carvone	Seed	12
16	Citral	Dry fruit	12
17	Citronellol	Seed	12
18	Citronellal	Seed	12
19	1,8-Cineole	Seed	12
20	β-ocimene	Leaf oil	12
21	Trans-beta-Ocimene	Leaf oil	12
22	cis-beta-Ocimene	Seed, leaf oil	12
23	Geraniol	Dry fruit	12
24	γ-terpinene	Seed/leaf oil	12
25	(E)-Carveol	Seed	12
26	(E)-Linalool oxide	Seed	12
27	Limonene	Seed/leaf	12
28	D-Limonene	Leaf oil	12
29	Limonene	Seed/leaf oil	12
30	Bornyl acetate	Leaf oil	12
31	Linanyl acetate	Dry fruit	12
32	Myrcene	Seed	12
33	Terpinolene	Leaf oil	12
34	α-terpinolene	Leaf oil	12
35	Nerol	Seed	12
36	1-α-Phellandrene	Seed	12
37	cymene	Leaf oil	12
38	p-Cymene	Seed	12
39	Piperitone	Seed	12
40	Sabinene	Seed	12
41	Tagetonol	Seed	12
42	Terpinen−4-ol	Seed	12
43	(Z)-Sabinene hydrate	Seed	12
44	(Z)-Linalool oxide	Seed	12

Table 3: Structures of isolated phytoconstituents from Z. armatum.

45	(Z)-Pinene hydrate	Seed	12
46	allo-Aromadendrene	Seed	12
47	α-Caryophyllene	Seed	12
48	trans-caryophyllene	Leaf oil	12
49	(E)-Nerolidol	Seed	12
50	α-Amyrins	Bark	12
51	β-Amyrone	Bark	12
52	β-Amyrins	Bark	12
53	Lupeol	Bark	12
54	Eucalyptol	fruit	12
B. Flavonoid	Eucalyptol	fruit	12
55	Catechin	Leaf	13
56	Hesperidine	Leaf	13
57	Vitexin	Leaf	13
58	Isovitexin	Leaf	13
59	3,5-Diactyltambulin	Bark	13
60	Kaempferol	Bark	13
61	Tambulin	Bark	13
62	3,5,3′-Trihydroxy−6,7- dimethoxy− 4′- (7″-hydroxygeranyl−1″-ether) flavone	Seed	14
63	3,5,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxy−7,8-dimethoxy flavone	Seed	14
64	Tambuletin	Seed	14
C. Alkaloids	Tambuletin	Seed	14
65	Berberine	Bark	15
66	Dictamnine	Root	15
67	-fagarine	Bark	15
68	-fagarine	Bark	15
69	Chelerythrine	Bark	15
70	Magnoflorine	Root	15
71	Nevadensin	Seed oil	15
72	Skimmianine	Bark	15
73	Zanthonitrile	Bark	15
D. Lignins	Zanthonitrile	Bark	15
74	Asarinin	Bark leaf	15
75	Eudesmin	Leaf	15
76	Epieudesmin	Leaf	15
77	Fargesin	Bark leaf	15
78	Kobusin	Leaf	15
79	Planispine-A	Leaf	15
80	L-Asarinin	Bark	15
81	L-Sesamin	Bark	15
82	L-Planinin	Bark	15
83	Magnolin	Bark	15
84	Phylligenin	Bark	15
85	Planinin	Bark	15
86	Sesamin	Leaf/Bark	15
E. Sterols & Steroids	Sesamin	Leaf/Bark	15
87	β-Daucosterol	Bark	12
88	β-Sitosterol	Bark	12
89	Stigmasta−5-en−3β-Dglucopyranoside	Seed	12
90	β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside	Bark	12
F. Amides	β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside	Bark	12
91	Armatamide	Bark	15
92	α-Sanshool	Leaf	15
93	Hydroxyl-α-sanshooil	Pericarp	15
G. Coumarins	Hydroxyl-α-sanshooil	Pericarp	15
94	xanthyletin	Bark	16
95	zanthoxyletin	Bark	16
96	alloxanthtin	Bark	16
97	Bergapten	Bark	16
98	Umbelliferone	Bark	16
99	psoralen	Leaf	16
100	Cuminol	Bark/Fruit	15
101	Cuminaldehyde	Seed	15
102	Phellandral	Seed	15
103	2-Tridecanone	Leaf-oil	16
104	Undecan−2-one	Aerial parts	12
H. Aromatic compounds	Undecan−2-one	Aerial parts	12
105	1-Hydroxy−6,13-anthraquinone	Seed	17
106	2-Hydroxybenzoic acid	Seed	17
107	2-Hydroxy−4-methoxy benzoic acid	Seed	17
108	trans-Cinnamic acid	Seed oil	17
109	Vanillic acid	Bark	17
110	(E)-Methyl cinnamate	Seed	17
111	Methyl cinnamate	Seed/fruit	17
112	(Z)-Methyl cinnamate	Seed	17
113	3-Methoxy−11-hydroxy −6,8- dimethylcarboxylate biphenyl	Seed	17
114	3,5,6,7-Tetrahydroxy−3′,4′-dimethoxy flavone−5-β-D-xylopyranoside	Seed	17
115	Monoterpenetriol−3,7- dimethyl−1- octane−3,6,7-triol	Seed oil	17
116	1-Methoxy−1,6,3-anthraquinone	Seed	17

Table 4: Structures of isolated phytoconstituents from Z. armatum.

 phellandrene	Nerol	Myrecene
Linalool	Piperitone	D-Limonene

-Ocimene	Cis- Ocimene	1,8-Cineole

Carvone	-Terpineol	-Phellandrene

Catechin	Vitexin	Hesperidin

Table 5: Structures of isolated phytoconstituents from Z. armatum.

Berberine	Dictamnine	Chelerythrine

Asarinin	Eudesmin	Kobusin

Daucosterol	β-Sitosterol	α-Sanshool

Table 6: Structures of isolated phytoconstituents from Z. armatum.

Pharmacology

Antioxidant Activity

Leaves extract of Z. armatum showed potent antioxidant activity in in-vivo models. Administration of the extract (100, 200 mg/kg b.w.) signiﬁcantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH) in the treated animals. Both the doses showed increase in SOD, CAT and GSH level signiﬁcantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively), whereas lipid peroxidation level was decreased in dose dependent manner [18].

Hepatoprotective Activities

In another experiment, hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Z. armatum bark against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in-vivo. CCl4 and olive oil (1:1) administration caused a signiﬁcant increase in the serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP, direct billirubin and total billirubin. Ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg once daily for7days) signiﬁcantly reduced the above elevated parameters in dose dependant manner and was comparable to silymarin (25mg/kg) [20].

Antispasmodic Effect

The crude extract of Z. armatum (100 and 300 mg/kg; p.o.) showed 20% and 60% protection from against castor-oil-induced diarrhea in mice and was comparable with standard drug Loperamide (10 mg/kg) (21). In another experiment, essential oil of Z. armatum leaves was evaluated for possible anti-diarrheal activity on spontaneous and potassium chloride induced contracted smooth muscle of the isolated rabbit jejunum. The spasmolytic effect of volatile oil started from 0.03 mg/ ml and showed 100% effect at10 mg/ml dose. The extracts relaxed the contracted muscle which may be due to calcium channel blocking from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [22].

Keratinocyte Inhibition

Anti-proliferative activity of methanolic extract of Z. armatum bark (concentrations between 0.008 and 0.4 mg/ml) was evaluated against the growth of rapidly multiplying human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). The extract signiﬁcantly inhibited the growth of keratinocytes and highly active with an IC50 value of 11 mg/ml [23].

Larvicidal Activities

Essential oil of the seeds of Z. armatum (dose: 200, 150, 100, 50, 25 and 10 ppm) was evaluated in-vitro for larvicidal activities against three mosquitoes species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Results indicated that essential oil was most sensitive against Culex quinquefasciatus was the with LC50 and LC95 values of 49 and 146 ppm respectively compared to other species. Temephos, a synthetic larvicidal agent (dose: 0.005-0.1 ppm) was used as positive control [24].

Anti-Inflammatory

Bergapten, a coumarin extracted from the plant exhibited significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine viz. tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a concentration dependent manner [25].

Antibacterial, Antifungal Activities

3,5-diacetyltambulin an isolated Flavonoid from Z. armatum showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. flexneri, Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi). The MIC values against these bacteria ranged from 8-64 µg/ml. However, this flavonoid and monoterpenoid (geraniol) shows weak antifungal activity [26].

Toxicology and Side Effects

Zanthozyllum species volatile oil showed insecticidal activity which may be associated with its acetylcholinesterase activity. Potent fumigant toxicity was observed with cuminaldehyde, thymol, (1S)-(-)- verbenone, (-)-myrtenal, carvacrol, (S)-(Z)-verbenol, Z. piperitum steam distillate, cuminyl alcohol, Zanthoxylum armatum seed oil, piperitone, (-)-(Z)-myrtanol, and citronellal (LC50, 0.075-0.456 μg/cm3). An in-vitro bioassay using female fly heads indicates that strong acetylcholinesterase inhibition was produced by citronellyl acetate, α-pinene, thymol, carvacrol, and α- terpineol (1.20-2.73 mM), but no direct correlation between fly toxicity and AChE inhibition by the test compounds was observed [27, 28].

Conclusion

Zanthoxylum armatum is one of the important medicinal plants having a wide array of household, commercial and ethno-medicinal applications. The fruits, leaves, seeds and stem bark are used in head-ache, fever, toothache, tonsillitis, diarrhea, dysentery, altitude sickness. The fruits contain essential oil that possesses antiseptic, disinfectant properties so it has its wide application in pharmaceuticals and ﬂavoring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are limonene and linalool. Diﬀerent chemical compounds like alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins etc present in diﬀerent parts of the plants have attributed to several biological activities like antimicrobial, anti- viral, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, antioxidant etc. The diﬀerent traditional ethno-medicinal practices have been validated by several in vitro and in vivo ethno-pharmacological studies, as evidenced in this review, suggesting for further potential biological applications of Zanthoxylum armatum. Many active components have been identiﬁed from the plant that might be developed into novel drugs. Therefore further emphasis Z. armatum is one of the diverse medicinal plants having a wide range of therapeutic applications among the tribes of North Eastern region of India. Owing to its diverse applications, the species can be developed as an important commodity for alleviation of poverty in rural areas. The extracts, volatile oil and lead molecules are traditionally utilized in cerebral pain along with other disorders. Volatile oil is mainly used as fumigant and disinfectant. Various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, terpenoids, etc. are responsible for its pharmacological properties. The diﬀerent customary ethno-therapeutic practices have been validated by modern in-vitro and in-vivo assays to support the scientific basis of uses of Z. armatum. Numerous active components have been distinguished from the plant that may be formed into novel medications. Along these lines further accentuation ought to be on screening, isolation and characterization of bioactive phytoconstituents along with their mechanism based study will be essential. The correlation between ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological examinations could set up a solid linkage between the ages old indigenous restorative practices and present day scientiﬁc inquires about that could unearth the enormous hidden abilities of medicinal plants and their applicable folklore uses. Zanthoxylum armatum is one of the important medicinal plants having a wide array of household, commercial and ethno-medicinal applications. The fruits, leaves, seeds and stem bark are used in headache, fever, toothache, tonsillitis, diarrhea, dysentery, altitude sickness. The fruits contain essential oil that possesses antiseptic, disinfectant properties so it has its wide application in pharmaceuticals and ﬂavoring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are limonene and linalool. Diﬀerent chemical compounds like alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins etc present in diﬀerent parts of the plants have attributed to several biological activities like antimicrobial, anti- viral, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, antioxidant etc. The diﬀerent traditional ethno medicinal practices have been validated by several in vitro and in vivo ethno-pharmacological studies, as evidenced in this review, suggesting for further potential biological applications of Zanthoxylum armatum. Many active components have been identiﬁed from the plant that might be developed into novel drugs. Therefore further emphasis Zanthoxylum armatum is one of the important medicinal plants having a wide array of household, commercial and ethno-medicinal applications. The fruits, leaves, seeds and stem bark are used in headache, fever, toothache, tonsillitis, diarrhea, dysentery, altitude sickness. The fruits contain essential oil that possesses antiseptic, disinfectant properties so it has its wide application in pharmaceuticals and ﬂavoring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are limo- nene and linalool. Diﬀerent chemical compounds like alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins etc present in diﬀerent parts of the plants have attributed to several biological activities like antimicrobial, anti- viral, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, antioxidant etc. The diﬀerent traditional ethno-medicinal practices have been validated by several in vitro and in vivo ethno- pharmacological studies, as evidenced in this review, suggesting for further potential biological applications of Zanthoxylum armatum. Many active components have been identiﬁed from the plant that might be developed into novel drugs. Therefore further emphasis.

Acknowledgement

We sincerely acknowledge faculty of pharmaceutical science, Assam down Town University, Gandhi Nagar, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26; for providing the basic infrastructure to prepare this manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Zanthoxylum Armatum: A Systemic Review of its EthnoMedicinal Properties, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology

Introduction

Traditional Uses

Phytochemistry

Pharmacology

Antioxidant Activity

Hepatoprotective Activities

Antispasmodic Effect

Keratinocyte Inhibition

Larvicidal Activities

Anti-Inflammatory

Antibacterial, Antifungal Activities

Toxicology and Side Effects

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Conflict of Interest Statement

References

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