A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Fishermen about the Climate Change in Panabo City

Introduction

Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical global issues of our time, with far- reaching consequences for ecosystems and human livelihoods across the globe. The fishing industry is at the forefront of the industries impacted by altering environmental conditions, as it faces the most significant disruptions. Fishermen, as critical stakeholders in this domain, are witnesses to the changing dynamics and are in a unique position to provide valuable insights into the effects of climate change on their daily lives [1, 2].

Southeast Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change due to its long coastlines, substantial dependence on seasonal patterns of the monsoon, high population and economic activity concentration in coastal areas, and heavy reliance on agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and other natural resources [1, 3]. According to Sutherland, et al. [2] multiple indices rank the Philippines as one of the countries most affected by extreme climate events. Aquatic resources are one of the impacted areas by climate change. According to Tewabe D [3] climate change may affect fisheries and aquaculture directly by influencing the abundance and distribution of fish stocks and the global supply of fish for consumption, or indirectly by influencing fish prices or the cost of goods and services required by fishers and fish farmers [4].

Warming is the most obvious and well-documented impact of climate change on the ocean. Ocean surface waters have warmed on average 1.3° ± 0.1°F (0.7° ± 0.08°C) per century globally between 1900 and 2016, and more than 90% of the extra heat linked to carbon emissions is contained in the ocean. These warming impacts sea levels, ocean circulation, stratification such as density contrast between the surface and deeper waters, productivity, and, ultimately, entire ecosystems [4, 5, 6].

Moreover, according to the research of McLachlan, et al. [1] as ocean temperatures rise, certain fish species will move to waters with lower temperatures. Coastal communities are put in danger at an unprecedented degree by rising sea levels. Changing sea temperature and current flows will bring shifts in the distribution of marine fish stocks, with some areas benefiting while others lose. In fact, climate change is seen to have an effect on the fisheries sector of highly fish- dependent yet vulnerable countries such as the Philippines in terms of food production, security, and livelihood [7]. This is the case because the Philippines is heavily dependent on fish. The country’s fishery industry is severely impacted by the effects of climate change and is vulnerable to the dangers observed throughout Southeast Asia (SEA) [8].

Climate changes to the marine environment will come in many forms. For instance, the diversity of some temperate ecosystems is expected to increase. But overall, climate change is projected to disrupt marine ecosystems in ways that reduce the services they provide and their diversity of life. Climate change is also affecting the timing of seasonal events, which can affect fisheries. For example, some species, such as striped bass, are spawning earlier in the year. This means that catches can peak earlier than normal. Fisheries will need to adapt to such changes or risk reduced catches and lost revenues, which can also increase prices for consumers [9].

According to Griffis E [10], changes in temperature cause fish populations to move to different places. As a result of warming oceans, some fish species may move to cooler areas or move away from traditional fishing grounds. This is a problem for fishermen who depend on certain species for their catch because they may need to change their fishing methods, gear, or target different species to keep making a living.

The effects of climate change on fisheries are a major concern for fishing nations, particularly the Philippines. The Philippines is extremely susceptible to the effects of climate change on fisheries, which can cause an economic disruption to the nation’s economy [11]. Climate change is a pressing issue that affects the entire planet. The Earth’s temperature has been rising steadily over the past century, and this is largely due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Accordingly, the study by Santos MD, et al. [4] has revealed that the effect of climate change on Philippine marine capture fisheries is projected to result in a decrease in fisheries GDP by 9% and 18% under mitigation and extreme scenarios, respectively. These effects may also lead to a reduction in household income by 0.36% and 0.38% for urban and rural households, respectively.

Fish is a widely traded food item and an essential source of cash income for many poor households. Fish can stimulate local market economies and be a significant source of foreign exchange. Fishing is frequently an integral component of diversified subsistence strategies, in which people take advantage of seasonal stock availability or rely on fishing when other means of food production and income generation are insufficient [11].

Moreover, Robitzski D [7] stated that 60% of the world’s fish species at risk of extinction due to climate change. New research suggests that climate change threatens to wipe out significantly more species of fish than previously thought. If average global temperatures rise by five degrees Celsius — that’d be a global warming nightmare scenario — then New Scientist reports that 60 percent of all fish species could go extinct by the year 2100. It’s grim news, as previous studies predicted that fish would be far more resilient. Marine fishing in the Philippines is more than an industry; it is a way of life. With 7,100 islands, the Philippines has the world’s longest discontinuous coastline. Over a million Filipinos are engaged in marine fishing [11]. Millions of people in the Philippines rely on fishing for food and livelihoods. The contribution of the Philippine fishing industry to the country’s Gross Domestic Products (GDP) was 2.3% and 4.3% at current and constant prices, respectively. Climate stressors—including rising sea temperatures, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events— as well as associated ocean acidification, have reduced fish catch, degraded marine resources, and impacted fishing communities [9, 10].

The most recent scientific studies have confirmed that the warming of the climate system since the middle of the 20th century is most likely caused by humans. This is because humans are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the air, such as by burning fossil fuels and changing how land is used. When fossil fuels are burned, huge amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, are released into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases cause global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere (United Nations, n.d.-c).

The average global temperature has already risen 1C. Warming above 1.5°C endangers additional sea level rise, extreme weather, biodiversity loss, and extinction of species (Fossil Fuels and Climate Change: The Facts, 2023). Ocean play a major role in climate dynamics: 83% of the global carbon cycle is circulated through the oceans. They have absorbed 93% of the excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions since the 1970s. The oceans are also home to between 500,000 and 10 million marine species, contributing enormously to the biodiversity of our planet.

Given their importance to the planet, it’s vital we manage the oceans in a sustainable way. Changes to the ocean mean changes to fish stocks. To manage fishing sustainably requires adapting to whatever issues climate change brings. These changes are impacting marine life. Sudden rises in temperature and acidification can lead to the loss of marine habitats and species. Shifting ocean currents and warming waters are changing the distribution of fish stocks and altering the structure of ecosystems.

Climate change is not just an environmental issue, but comes with a whole raft of social issues, including displacement of communities, food security, water shortages and health-related issues [12]. Climate change has already had a significant impact on ocean and marine ecosystems. In addition to sea levels rising and increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, ocean warming, and ocean acidification have disrupted the chemistry of the ocean’s water and resulted in the destruction of coral reefs as well as the active depletion of the abundance and distribution of marine life in coastal areas, in the open ocean and at the sea floor.

However, there is limited research on the lived experiences of fishermen in relation to climate change. Specifically, there is a research gap on the subjective perspectives of fishermen on the effects of climate change on their livelihoods, families, and communities. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the lived experiences of fishermen regarding climate change in specific geographic locations. Therefore, this study aims to address the research gap by exploring the phenomenological perspective of the fishermen in Panabo City, Philippines. According to the research of Oluowo J [5], changes in ocean dynamics could lead to changes in migration patterns of fish and possibly reduce fish landings, especially in coastal fisheries. Change impacts to ocean ecosystems are altering the distribution and abundance of fish populations and impacting the people [13].

Research that draws from a variety of fields, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, is required because climate change is a phenomenon that is both complicated and multifaceted. These types of studies can combine socio-economic data on the experiences, views, and responses of fishermen with ecological data on changes in fish stocks, oceanographic conditions, and climatic trends. Through the use of an integrated approach, a more thorough understanding of the linkages between climate change and fishing communities can be achieved [6].

Climate changes to the marine environment will come in many forms. For instance, the diversity of some temperate ecosystems is expected to increase. But overall, climate change is projected to disrupt marine ecosystems in ways that reduce the benefits they provide and their diversity of life [10]. This study aims to provide in-depth knowledge on the lived experiences of fishermen regarding climate change in Panabo City. The study will contribute to the existing literature by exploring the social and economic impacts of climate change on the fishing industry. It will also provide insights into the coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies used by local fishermen to address the challenges imposed by climate change. The study’s findings can be used as a basis for policymaking and practices that can better support the resilience of fishing communities in the face of climate change.

Literature can provide a nuanced depiction of the human dimensions of climate change and enable readers to emotionally empathize with the characters. This humanization of climate change impacts can generate empathy, comprehension, and a sense of urgency in readers, prompting them to consider their own role in combating climate change. It allows researchers to depict the intricate relationship between humans and nature, highlighting the dependence of fishing communities on healthy marine ecosystems and explore the moral dilemmas faced by fishing communities, policymakers, and society at large, offering thought-provoking narratives that challenge readers to critically reflect on their own ethical responsibilities towards the environment and vulnerable communities. By incorporating these experiences into literary works, researchers can inspire readers to develop a deeper appreciation for the natural world and to consider the environmental consequences of human activities.

Climate change has a direct effect on fishermen because it affects the marine areas they depend on for their jobs. By understanding their experiences, we can learn about the changes they have seen over time and make crucial changes. This knowledge can help the people understand the specific effects of climate change on fish stocks, fishing patterns, and the marine environment as a whole. By looking at what fishermen have done in the past, people can learn about the methods they use to deal with the effects of climate change.

According to the study of Chapin, et al. fishermen often learn how to deal with shifts in fish distribution, changes in water temperature, changes in fish movement patterns, and other changes in the environment. By writing down and analyzing these adaptation tactics, policymakers, researchers, and other interested parties can learn about the best ways to build resilience. Involving fishermen in climate change research and decision-making can help build community involvement and give local stakeholders more power. By recognizing and valuing their experiences, fishermen are more likely to take part in group efforts to stop climate change. This participatory approach can help fishing communities co-produce knowledge and make interventions more successful.

The research on the lived experiences of fishermen gives a voice to marginalized communities, particularly those in developing countries or marginalized regions. By understanding and documenting their experiences, this research raises awareness about their challenges and empowers them to participate in decision-making processes. This study makes people more aware of their problems and gives them the power to take part in making decisions. It makes sure that the views and needs of fishing communities are taken into account when policy is being made, resources are being managed, and adaptation plans are being made.

People can acquire insight into the social, economic, and environmental elements that affect their livelihoods and well-being by coming to understand their experiences and how those experiences have shaped their lives. This information can be used to develop policies and interventions that encourage sustainable fishing practices, conserve marine ecosystems, and improve the lives of fishermen and the communities they live in. In addition, the research has the potential to make a contribution to the larger fields of anthropology and sociology by offering a detailed and nuanced comprehension of the cultural practices, beliefs, and values held by Filipino fisherman.

These advantages are anticipated to be met by policymakers, to make informed decisions about policies and regulations that affect the industry. The researchers, to use the findings to further explore the topic and develop new insights. Organizations working in the fishing industry, to use the information to improve working conditions and support the livelihoods of fishermen. However, it is important to note that the specific beneficiaries may vary depending on the scope and focus of the study.

The study of fishermen’s actual experiences with climate change has social value by empowering communities, promoting social justice, enhancing resilience, nurturing community engagement, preserving cultural heritage, and informing the public. By amplifying the perspectives and experiences of fishing communities, this research contributes to the development of more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable responses to the challenges posed by climate change.

Results and Discussion

This section of the study shows the results using tables followed by discussions based on the results of the study. The items in the table have been analyzed, categorized, and arranged according to themes that were composed of different core ideas that were acquired from the participants’ responses. Findings derived from the study are thoroughly examined and supervised by the researchers, adviser, data analyst, research coordinator, and valuators.

Concluding Remarks

Based on the results of the study, fishermen depend on the life sea provides. Most of their source of income came from catching fish and other sea animals. However, climate change made a drastic impact on their livelihood. This situation tests their resourcefulness to find ways to supplement the needs of their families. They look for another job if the weather is not in a good condition. The sea was their only source of everything.

Three themes were generated on every objective of this study: For the first objective, the experiences faced by the fishermen are drastic effect of climate change, unpredictable and inconsistent fishing condition, and changing patterns and availability of fish. Most of them experienced the impact of climate change.

Further, for the second objective, the insights generated from the findings are navigating challenges of fishermen, strength and sustainability, and sustainable fishing practices and conservation effort. Despite the challenges climate change have brought to the lives of the fishermen, the did not lose hope, the continue to battle with the circumstances to be able to provide their family needs. Lastly, the insights generated on the last activity includes navigating the changing tides, changing climatic patterns affecting fish migration and abundance, evaluating career choice and considering alternatives, and empowering fishermen in the face of challenges. Facing those circumstances, fishermen never let the negative affect their living. They focused on what will be the outcome if they do not go and look for another type of living.