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International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine Research Article 21 min read

Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tartaric Acid Contents in Berberis Integerrima Bunge Fruits Collected from Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan

Nowruzi N1, Ayoubi R2*, Vedi FS3 and Lutfi S4
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2576-4772  10.23880/ipcm-16000268  Received: January 16, 2024  Published: March 11, 2024
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Keywords
Barberry Standardization Tartaric Acid Phenolics Flavonoid Content
Abstract

Introduction: Barberry is one of the important medicinal, edible and export plants of Afghanistan. The fruit of this plant contains a large amount of organic acids, phenolic substances, flavonoids and vitamins and has a special place in the traditional medicine of country. Badakhshan province is one of the major barberry producing provinces in Afghanistan. Objective: The purpose of this study is to standardize and determine the amount of tartaric acid, phenolic and flavonoid content in barberry fruit (BBFs22) collected from Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. Methodology: BBFs22 was collected from the sellers of medicinal plants located in Kabul and kept in the freezer until the measurement and evaluation. After identification and pharmacognostic evaluation of BBFs22 the amount of tartaric acid, phenolic and flavonoid content in the fruit, was determined using UV- Vis spectroscopy. All experiments were repeated three times. Results: The studies conducted based on the available sources showed that the desired sample was Berberis integerrima Bunge. The results obtained from the pharmacognostic evaluation of the fruit indicated that the BBFs22 has 7.48± 0.13% moisture, 9.16± 1.3% foreign matter, 2.11± 0.05% total ash, 0.32± 0.05% acid insoluble ash, 28.15±0.19% water- soluble extractive content, and 23.77±0.97% methanolic extractive value. The result of phytochemistry studies showed that BBFs22 has flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic substances, saponin and mucilage as its active ingredients. The methanolic extract of BBFs22 had 14.06±0.05 mg (w/w) of tartaric acid, 26.43±1.65 mg (w/w) of phenolics and 3.10±0.04 mg (w/w) of flavonoids. Conclusion: BBFs22 has shown lower values in terms of numerical norms, however, the results obtained from the pharmacognostic evaluation of fruit are consistent with the standard values available in pharmacopoeias. In addition, although different solvents can be used to determine the amount of phenolics, flavonoids and tartaric acid, the results obtained from this study indicated that methanol is a better solvent than water.

Introduction

Many countries have resources and reserves of medicinal plants. This is while the types and variety of plant species are different based on the conditions and geographical location of each region [1]. The increase in demand of different food sources, products and fruits of wild plants is considered very valuable and important in the food industry [2]. Plants and their various parts are very important in the traditional medicine of various countries, including Afghanistan, due to their multiple properties and medicinal properties [3].

The Berberidaceae family is one of the important plant families and includes many types of plants that are very important due to their important physiological effects. One of these important plants is Berberis. Berberis is very complex genus, which contains more than 500 species worldwide [4]. Of the included number of species Berberis integerrima, B. aristata and B. vulgaris can be mentioned [5]. In terms of geographical distribution, Berberis species are among the flora of Northern Europe, Mediterranean countries, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan and Himalayas [3]. In Afghanistan, 4 species namely; B. integerrima, B. calliobotrys, B. heterobotrys, B. eterobotrys, has been identified, and in general, their geographical distribution is established in the central areas of Badakhshan to Farah (B. integerrima), southeast and east (B. calliobotrys), southeast and northwest (B. heterobotrys), and northwest (B. heterobotrys) of the country [6].

Different parts of barberry have medical and nutritional value due to the presence of various chemical compounds. Various alkaloids have been obtained from its root, bark and fruit, the most important of which is berberine [7]. But the fruit of the plant does not contain alkaloids [8]. Ascorbic acid, alpha- tocopherol, and beta-carotene, which are considered as antioxidants, phenolic compounds, flavonoids such as catechin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid, and anthocyanins have been said to be among the most important secondary metabolites of barberry fruit [9]. Tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid are important organic acids of barberry fruit [10]. Several studies have proven the digestive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties of barberry fruit [11].

Barberry fruit has high content of vitamin C and organic acids such as tartaric acid, which has shown good anti-fungal and antibacterial effects [12]. Also, the effects of its phenolic compounds on the nervous system and cardiovascular system have been proven, and it is effective in epilepsy and high blood pressure [13]. The amount of flavonoid content is not the same in different parts of the plant and it has shown anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects [14].

Standardization and determination of the bioactive phytoconstituents of the medicinal plants collected from their main resources assist to increase the quality of desired items, to augment their acceptance rate as export goods in national and international markets, optimization of processing conditions and improvement of post harvesting treatment criteria. But unfortunately, some harvested medicinal plants in different provinces of our country not only do not get standardized but also illegally transported to neighboring nations and after some processing are sold as their exported items. So, in order to avoid the present scenario to certain content it is important to evaluate the quality of abovementioned plants collected from its main resources of Afghanistan and optimize their harvesting process, if possible.

Considering the medical, nutritional and export importance of barberry fruit and its wide use in traditional medicine of the country, it was decided to carry out research in the standardization and determination of the quality of the fruit collected from the country, and fortunately, we started as the first researchers in this field. The purpose of the present study was to standardize and determine the amount of tartaric acid, phenolic and flavonoid content in barberry fruit collected from Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. It is hoped that the results of this study will improve the production, exports and use of this medicinal plant in the country.

Materials and Methods

Collection of Barberry Fruit

Barberry dried fruit under the local names of Zerk, Red barberry and Zarafshani barberry was randomly collected from the sellers of medicinal plants in Kabul, Afghanistan on 24.09.2022. The collected sample was the red seeded barberry from Badakhshan province and was kept in the freezer at 4oC until further evaluation.

Identification Of Barberry Fruit

Since the correct identification of the test sample is a major and important part of a pharmacognostic evaluation, the collected samples were identified in accordance with the existing references and a portion of it was kept after labeling for storage in the laboratory.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Barberry Fruit

The pharmacognostic evaluation of the collected samples was done to prevent the existence of possible adulterants. For this purpose, the test sample was studied and analyzed in terms of organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic properties and preliminary phytochemistry experiments.

Standardization of Barberry Fruit

After drying of herbal drugs, standardization is considered an important step of their processing. Standardization of herbal drugs means determining their quality and quantity, which is done according to standards (norms), national and international standards, pharmacopoeias or codex. Basically, prepared drugs should have very specific characteristics with accepted scientific and professional norms. In order to standardize barberry samples, numerical norms such as the percentage of foreign matter, ash value, moisture content, swelling index, extractive value using different solvents were determined [15].

Determination of Percentage of Foreign Matter in Barberry Fruit

100 grams of test sample was taken and evaluated for the presence of any possible types of organic and inorganic foreign matter using a lens with a power of 6X. After separation, the impurity present in test sample was weighed and the percentage of foreign matter in BBFs22 was determined [8].

Determination of Moisture Content of Barberry Fruit

The basis of the method of determining the moisture content of herbal drugs is to dry the drug sample in oven and obtain the weight difference between the dried biomass and the firstly weighed drug. Therefore, the petri dishes containing 2 grams of BBFs22 were placed in hot air oven at a temperature of 105 oC for 5 hours. Subsequently, the petri dishes containing the samples were placed inside the desiccator until cooling. After cooling the samples, weighed again, and its weight was noted (taking into account that it is not in contact with open air). The test samples were again heated for one hour in oven and weighed again. This process was repeated until the weight of the sample was fixed, then the moisture content of BBFs22 was calculated based on the obtained weight difference [16].

Determination of Total Ash Contact of Barberry Fruit

First, the crucibles were heated at a temperature of 500°C for one hour, and after cooling, it was accurately weighed. 3 grams of BBFs22 was placed in a crucible and was heated in a muffle furnace at 700°C for more than 4 hours (until no carbon remains in the ash). Then, the crucible containing the ash was transferred to the desiccator and weighed. This process was repeated until the ash weight was fixed and at the end the total ash value of BBFs22 was calculated based on the amount of ash obtained [2].

Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash Value of Barberry Fruit

The ash of BBFs22, which was obtained by the abovementioned method, was transferred in an Erlenmeyer and 25 ml of hydrochloric acid was added to it. Then it was boiled for 5 minutes and the insoluble material was filtered. The filter paper along with the remaining material was washed well with warm water and then dried. The dried filter paper was placed in a dry, pre-weighed crucible and placed in a muffle at 500°C for three hours (until all carbon was destroyed and turned into ash). The percentage of acid insoluble ash in BBFs22 was calculated based on the following formula [8].

Percentage of acid insoluble ash = 100 x weight of ash treated with acid / sample weight

Determination of Extractive Value of Barberry Fruit

Extraction

Different extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of BBFs22 were prepared by maceration. For this purpose, BBFs22 was completely crushed using mortar and pestle before mixing with the solvent, and then 3 grams of crushed fruit was mixed separately with 20 ml of the desired solvent (methanol and water) and was kept for maceration. The obtained mixture was stirred with a mixer (shaker) for 2 hours. Then the initial extract was obtained by passing the mixture through filter paper. This process was repeated by adding 10 ml of solvent to the remaining materials [17].

Determination of Methanolic Extractive Value of Barberry Fruit

5 grams of BBFs22 was extracted using methanol by the abovementioned method. The extract was heated until 75% of the solvent evaporated in water bath at 100°C and then heated at 76°C in hot-plate for complete drying. The dried extract was placed in a desiccator to cool and later weighed accurately. The methanolic extractive value of BBFs22 was calculated based on the dry weight of the extract.

Determination of Aqueous Extractive Value of Barberry Fruit

5 grams of BBFs22 was extracted using distilled water by the abovementioned method. The extract was heated until 75% of the solvent evaporated in water bath at 100°C and then heated at 90°C in hot-plate for complete drying. The dried extract was placed in a desiccator to cool and later weighed accurately. The aqueous extractive value of BBFs22 was calculated based on the dry weight of the extract [17].

Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tartaric Acid Content of Barberry Fruit

Preparation pf Stock Solution of Gallic Acid

To prepare the stock solution, 200 mg of standard gallic acid was dissolved in 200 ml of distilled water. Then different concentrations of gallic acid were prepared using the following formula (Table 1): N1* V1= N2* V2

(%) Solution100908070605040302010
Distilled water (mL)0102030405060708090
Gallic acid Stock (mL)100908070605040302010

Table 1: Different concentrations of gallic acid stock solution.

Preparation of Stock Solution of Rutin

To prepare the stock solution, 200 mg of standard rutin was dissolved in 200 ml of distilled water. Then different concentrations of rutin were prepared using the following formula (Table 2). N1* V1= N2* V2

(%) Solution1008060402010
Distilled water (mL)02040608090
Rutin Stock (mL)1020406080100

Table 2: Different concentrations of rutin stock solution. Preparation of Stock Solution of Tartaric Acid To prepare the stock so

(%) Solution100908070605040302010
Distilled water (mL)0102030405060708090
Tartaric acid Stock (mL)100908070605040302010

Table 3: Different concentrations of tartaric acid stock solution.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of Barberry Fruit

To determine TPC, 1 ml of BBFs22 extracts (aqueous and methanolic) mixed with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and distilled water at a ratio of 20:1:1 (v/v) and kept for incubation for eight minutes. Then, 10 ml of 7% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added to it. After 2 hours, the absorption of mixture was observed at a wavelength of 750 nm. The TPC of test samples were read as equivalent to the standard curve of mg/ mL of gallic acid [18].

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of Barberry Fruit

The TFC of BBFs22 was determined by aluminum chloride assay. For this purpose, 1 ml of methanolic and aqueous extracts of BBFs22, 1 ml of aluminum chloride in 5% acetic acid solution in methanol was added. After 10 minutes, the absorption of the samples was read at a wavelength of 430 nm against the control sample. The results were read as milligrams equivalent to the standard curve of mg/ mL of rutin [17].

Determination of Tartaric Acid Content (TAC) of Barberry Fruit

In order to determine the tartaric acid content in BBFs22, 1 ml of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the fruit were diluted to a ratio of 1: 5 by its solvent (methanol and water) and its absorption was observed at 215 nm wave lengths. The obtained results were calculated as the standard curve equivalent of mg/mL of tartaric acid.

Results

Identification of Barberry Fruit

The collected BBFs22 were examined in accordance with the available resources and it was found that the test sample was Berberis integerrima Bunge.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Barberry Fruit

In order to better identification of possible adulterants in the composition of BBFs22, organoleptic (Table 4), macroscopic (Table 4), (Figure 1), microscopic (Figure 2) and preliminary phytochemical analysis (Table 5) were conducted and the results are stated briefly.

  • Analysis of Collected Data
  • The experiments were repeated in triplicates and the results were recorded as mean±SD. Microsoft excel 2010 was used in data analysis. Microsoft excel 2010 tool-pack was used for the calculations of mean and standard deviations.
  • Organoleptic and Macroscopic Characteristics of BBFs22
  • Color
  • Odor
  • Taste
  • Shape
  • Size (mm)
  • Presence of Seed
  • Dark red berries
  • Slightly aromatic
  • Sour
  • Ellipsoid
  • 9
  • Large seed is present

Table 4: Organoleptic and macroscopic characteristics of BBFs22.

No.Type of Secondary MetaboliteType of ExtractTestResult
1FlavonoidsMethanolicAmmonia testYellow color
Shinoda testLight red color
Vanillin HCLLight red color
2AlkaloidsMethanolicDragendorff’s testorange-red precipitate
3Tannins and PhenolicsAqueousFeCl3Bluish or black color
Vanillin HCLPink color
4SaponinsAqueousFroth testFoam production
Fontan_ KendalFoam difference
5MucilageAqueousSwelling index0.16

Table 5: Phytochemical studies of BBFs22.

Figure 1: BBFs22 and its crushed form.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: BBFs22 and its crushed form.
Figure 2: Transvers, longitudinal and surface sections of BBFs22. 1: Upper epidermis (Exocarp); 2: Seed; 3: Paranchymatous tissue.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Transvers, longitudinal and surface sections of BBFs22. 1: Upper epidermis (Exocarp); 2: Seed; 3: Paranchymatous tissue.

Standardization of Barberry Fruit

Determination of Percentage of Foreign Matter in Barberry Fruit

After evaluation of collected BBFs22 in terms of foreign matter it was found that the percentage of organic and inorganic foreign matter in test sample was 9.16± 1.3% and this value is the same as the value mentioned in standards (Table 6).

Determination of Moisture Content of Barberry Fruit

The evaluation of test samples showed that BBFs22 contains 7.48± 0.13% of moisture, which is within the standard range (Table 6).

Determination of Total Ash Contact of Barberry Fruit

As a result of standardization process it was found that BBFs22 contains 2.11±0.05% of total ash, which is within the standard range (Table 6).

Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash Value of Barberry Fruit

As a result of standardization process it was found that BBFs22 contains 0.32± 0.05% of acid insoluble ash, which is within the standard range (Table 6).

Determination of Extractive Value of Barberry Fruit

Determination of Methanolic Extractive Value of Barberry Fruit

After determining the ​methanolic extractive value of BBFs22, it was found that the test sample has 23.77±0.97% dry extract (Table 6).

Determination of Aqueous Extractive Value of Barberry Fruit

As a result of determination of the aqueous extractive value of BBFs22, it was found that the test sample has 28.15± 0.19% dry extract (Table 6).

Numerical values (%)
Test
Sample		Foreign
matter		Water soluble
extractive		Methanolic
extractive		Acid- insoluble
ash		Total ashMoisture
content
BBFs229.16±1.3%28.15±0.19%23.77±0.97%0.32±0.05%2.11±0.05%7.48±0.13%

Table 6: Various numerical values of BBFs22 obtained after standardization.

n= 3, mean± SD Table 6: Various numerical values of BBFs22 obtained after standardization.

Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tartaric Acid Content of Barberry Fruit

Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of Barberry Fruit

The TPC in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of BBFs22 was 22.29± 1.04 mg and 26.43± 1.65 mg in 3 grams of dry weight of BBFs22 equivalent to gallic acid standard curve, respectively (Figure-3, Table-7).

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of Barberry Fruit

The TFC of BBFs22 ​in aqueous and methanol extracts was 3.03± 0.38 mg and 3.10± 0.04 mg respectively in 3 grams of dry weight of BBFs22 equivalent to rutin standard curve (Figure 4) (Table 7).

Determination of Tartaric Acid Content (TAC) of Barberry Fruit

The amount of ​tartaric acid in aqueous and methanolic extracts of test sample was 17.78± 0.05 and 14.06± 0.05, respectively, in 3 grams of dry weight of BBFs22 equivalent to the tartaric acid standard curve (Figure 5) and (Table 7).

Type of extract
(BBFs22)		TPC (w/w)TFC (w/w)TAC (w/w)
Aqueous22.29±1.04 mg3.03±0.38
mg		17.78±0.05
mg
Methanolic26.43±1.65 mg3.10±0.04
mg		14.06±0.05
mg

Table 7: ** TPC, TFC, and TAC of BBFs22.

n= 3, mean± SD Table 7: TPC, TFC, and TAC of BBFs22.

Figure 3: Standard curve of gallic acid.
Click to enlarge
Figure 3: Standard curve of gallic acid.
Figure 4: Standard curve of rutin.
Click to enlarge
Figure 4: Standard curve of rutin.
Figure 5: Standard curve of tartaric acid.
Click to enlarge
Figure 5: Standard curve of tartaric acid.

Discussion

Barberry fruit is a product, which is consumed fresh, dried or juiced [19]. In addition, the fruit is used in natural dye industry [20, 3]. Considering the importance of the barberry fruit in nutrition, traditional medicine, and as a major export item of the country, it is necessary to meet the standards and indicators set by WHO or other regulatory bodies in terms of quality control. For this purpose, it is necessary to investigate the organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic properties, percentage of foreign matters, total ash value, moisture content, extractive values using different solvents etc [21].

The percentage of foreign matters in a drug indicates how it is collected. Based on the findings of this research, the amount of foreign matters in BBFs22 ​was 9.16 ± 1.3%. According to existing standards, barberry fruit should be free of impurities [8]. The amount of organic foreign matters in the composition of the fruit is considered less than 2% by WHO [22]. Considering the standard varieties and the variety obtained from the determination of BBFs22 ​foreign matters, it is clear that the BBFs22 may have been collected in a non- standard way. Although, the available standard values only indicates the percentage of organic foreign matters.

Humidity is one of the important factors in changing the physical properties of barberry fruit [23]. Based on the findings of this study, the moisture content of BBFs22 was obtained 7.48± 0.13%. Fathollahzadeh H, et al. [24] found the moisture content of barberry fruit to be about 24.78%. The findings of several tests on several varieties of barberry fruit reported different moisture values, ​including 89.23%, 70.11%, 53.11%, 38.09% and 12.64% [24]. During the study conducted by Dhanabal SP, et al. [25] the moisture content of barberry fruit (B. aristata) was found to be 5.32%. Also, during the investigation that has been conducted, in addition to the nature, environmental conditions, packaging and transportation also have a role in the moisture content of barberry fruit and can reduce the moisture content of the product by up to 20% [26].

The total ash content of BBFs22 ​was found to be about 2.11±0.05%. According to available standards, the total ash content of barberry fruit should not be more than 3% [8]. Sun J, et al. [27] reported the total ash content of barberry fruit as 1.31%. The amount of acid insoluble ash of BBFs22 ​ was found to be about 0.32± 0.05%. The norm determined for acid insoluble ash of barberry fruit by WHO is less than 2% [22]. Also, some standards consider acid insoluble ash in barberry fruit up to 0.55% [8].

Barberry fruit has various compounds such as phenolic substances, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, organic acids such as tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, vitamin A and vitamin C [28, 29, 30]. The flavonoids of barberry fruit include rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol, which are important antioxidants [31].

As per result of this study, the TPC in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of BBFs22 ​was found to be 22.29±1.04% and 26.43±1.65% equivalent to gallic acid, respectively. Sharifi F, et al. [17] reported that TPC in aqueous and methanolic extracts of barberry fruit as 48.98±0.49 and 12.18±1.56, respectively in 10 grams of fresh weight of barberry fruit. Behrad Z, et al. [32] described the TPC of B. integerrima fruit as 4.2 mg equivalent of gallic acid. Based on the findings of Sabahi Z, et al. [33], the TPC in the aqueous extract of B. integerrima fruit has been reported as 130.52 ± 0.42 mg/g (w⁄w), equivalent to gallic acid. During the study conducted by Yang L, et al. [9], the TPC of B. vulgaris was found to be 0.182 g kg−1. Furthermore, it has been found that the type of solvent and extraction time have a positive effect on the TPC of barberry fruit [34].

The TFC of BBFs22 ​was found to be about 3.03±0.38% and 3.10±0.04% (w⁄w) equivalent to rutin in its aqueous and methanolic extracts, respectively. In this way, a small difference between the amount of flavonoids in aqueous and methanolic extracts of barberry fruit has been observed, so that the methanolic extract has more TFC and methanol is a better solvent for flavonoids in BBFs22. Based on the findings of [35], the amount of TFC in methanolic extract of B. vulgaris fruit was found to be about 27.99 gr/100 gr. Similarly, Yang L, et al. [9] has documented the TFC of B. vulgaris as 0.073 g kg−1 equivalent to rutin. In addition, during the study conducted by Sabahi Z, et al. [33] TFC of B. integerrima fruit was reported as 52.35 ± 0.52 mg of quercetin/ gram of extract.

According to the result of our study, the tartaric acid content of aqueous and methanolic extracts of BBFs22 was found to be 17.78±0.05% and 14.06±0.05%, respectively. Yang L, et al. [9] reported the amount of tartaric acid in the aqueous extract of barberry fruit as 0.901 g kg−1. During the investigation conducted by Gundogdu M, et al. [36] the amount of tartaric acid in B. vulgaris was found to be 0.024 ± 0.702 g/kg.

The difference in TPC, TFC, tartaric acid and other numerical norms of BBFs22 ​compared to the findings of other studies in the same and/or different species of plant can be caused by differences in climatic conditions, cultivation and harvesting condition, storage, transport of product and other factors [37]. However, the results of this research indicated that the numerical norms obtained from the evaluation of BBFs22 ​have little difference with the findings of other researches in the same species of plant and it generally states that the quality level of BBFs22 ​is equal to the fruit of B. integerrima available in other countries [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].

Conclusion

The investigation carried out to evaluate and determine the amount of BBFs22 compounds grown in Badakhshan province indicated that the lesser ash content of BBFs22 than the mentioned norm may reveal the power of converting B. integerrima fruit components into ash. In addition, the low moisture content of BBFs22 ​shows the stability of barberry fruits during storage. The aqueous and methanolic extractive value of BBFs22 ​was low compared to the available standard values, and this may indicate the low solubility of BBFs22 ​ compounds in the used solvents. Although in most of the cases the values obtained from the pharmacognostic evaluation of BBFs22 ​were lower than the standard numbers, but nevertheless, the mentioned values are within the standard range and this may consider as good quality of test barberry fruit.

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@article{nowruzi2024,
  title   = {Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tartaric Acid Contents in Berberis Integerrima Bunge Fruits Collected from Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan},
  author  = {Nowruzi N1, Ayoubi R2, Vedi FS3 and Lutfi S4},
  journal = {International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/ipcm-16000268}
}
Nowruzi N1, Ayoubi R2, Vedi FS3 and Lutfi S4 (2024). Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tartaric Acid Contents in Berberis Integerrima Bunge Fruits Collected from Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000268
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tartaric Acid Contents in Berberis Integerrima Bunge Fruits Collected from Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
AU  - Nowruzi N1, Ayoubi R2, Vedi FS3 and Lutfi S4
JO  - International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine
PY  - 2024
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/ipcm-16000268
ER  -