Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which results in high blood glucose level for a long period resulting from defect in insulin production, insulin action or both [1]. WHO ranked Pakistan at 7th on diabetes prevalence list [2]. Recent view on the occurrence has Type 1 diabetes Type II diabetes Cell producing insulin are destroyed Table: Type I, type II and gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes only occur during pregnancy. Hormonal changes influence insulin which cause ineffective insulin production, resulting in raised blood glucose level and that high glucose level effects embryo [6].

Blood glucose increases due to

lack of insulin production less insulin action (resistance) For Type I diabetes different types of insulin work at different pace, and the effects last a different duration. Insulin can be used in a number of ways. Common choice include a needle and syringe, insulin pen, or insulin pump. Some people who have issue in reaching their blood glucose targets with insulin alone, need to take another type of diabetic medicine that works with insulin, such as pramlintide [7]. For Type II diabetes different pills and oral medicines are used. Six classes are used for oral diabetic medicines [8].

Case Presentation

A 54 year old female, house wife visited Services Hospital Lahore with the complaints of excessive urination, sudden weight loss, blurred vision, increased thirst, fatigue and excessive sweating. She was experiencing these conditions from last one month.

Discussion

Patient suffering from diabetes due to many reasons, included less production of the insulin by beta cells of the Pancreas or resistance of body against insulin, a major reason of diabetes is genetics, majority of diabetic patient suffering from type 2 diabetes due to their genetics and family history. If this condition is not properly treated or is for long term it results in cardiovascular disease, shock, permanent damage to eye and chronic kidney disease. Diabetic patient should properly manage his/her daily dietary intake because if patient is taking oral hypoglycemic agents as medication and not taking diet according to body need then he/she may suffer from hypoglycemic state that can be more dangerous than the hyperglycemia. Small meals should be taken 4 to 5 time in a day instead of eating a lot at single time. Insulin or other hypoglycemic agents should always be taken before 10 minutes of taking meal, because medicine or external source of insulin will trigger the beta cells of the body to produce insulin inside the body according to need of body. Diabetic condition can also be treated by non - pharmacological method as by doing exercise, by stopping intake of high sugar content food.