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Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Research Article 8 min read

Pharmaceutical Applications of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)

Girma Waktola Gemechu*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2574-7797  10.23880/oajpr-16000321  Received: September 09, 2024  Published: September 27, 2024
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Keywords
Agaricus Bisporus Silver Nanoparticle Antioxidant Antimicrobial Malnutrition
Abstract

In this review paper, characteristics of Agaricus bisporus and its applications medicine were described. Agaricus bisporus is targeted by humans foraging for food and have many usages in human dietary followed by pharmaceutical fields due to its composition of essential chemical and nutritional composition. Modern pharmacological research confirms large parts of traditional knowledge regarding the medicinal effects of Agaricus bisporus due to its antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral properties, besides being used as functional food. Nanoparticles like silver nanoparticle that can be synthesized from A. bisporus are used to treat cancer, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. In general, Agaricus bisporus is an essential edible mushroom that play role in health as therapeutic character.

Introduction

Fungi are vital organisms of fundamental importance to life on earth and they are epigeous fruiting bodies of fungi, visible to the naked eye [1]. Mushrooms are a very large and diversified group of macrofungi belonging to basidiomycetes and ascomycetes, which have two phases of growth: the reproductive phase (fruit bodies) and the vegetative phase (mycelia) [2]. Agaricus bisporus are mainly mushroom-forming basidiomycetes of the subphylum Agaricomycotina, class Agaricomycetes, order Agaricales, and the primary common decomposers of residual plant material in forests and grasslands [3]. Agaricus bisporus belongs to Basidiomycetes family and the most important commercially cultivated mushroom in the world and have many usages in human dietary and pharmaceutical fields due to its composition of essential amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, low calories, crude fibers, trace elements and vitamins. Recently synthesized nanoparticles from A. bisporus were used to treat cancer, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases [4, 5].

Application of Agaricus Bisporus as Medicine

Medicinal mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine and human diet for thousands of years. Nowadays, medicinal mushrooms and their active compounds are being increasingly recognized by conventional medicine [6]. Agaricus bisporus have a very good history of using in many traditional therapies. The use of A. bisporus extracts and its bioactive compounds as antioxidant, anti- cancer and anti-inflammation is increasing in the world against many human diseases such as coronary heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, bacterial and fungal infections, disorders of the human immune system and cancers [7].

Agaricus bisporus have some active ingredients, such as polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, essential amino acids, peptides, glycoproteins, nucleosides, triterpenoids, lectins, fatty acids and their derivatives, these mushrooms have been reported to have antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities [8]. Agaricus bisporus is a good sources of trace elements like sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, conjugataed linoleic acid and antioxidants [9]. It can inhibit aromatase, and therefore may be able to lower the estrogen levels in the human body, which might reduce breast cancer susceptibility [10].

Figure 1: Pharmacological effects of Agaricus bisporus.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Pharmacological effects of Agaricus bisporus.

Antimicrobial

Extracts of A. bisporus that can be prepared with methyl alcohol can reveal antimicrobial activities against some bacteria, yeasts, and dermatophytes [11]. Microbial inhibition of A. bisporus extracts the potential use of the stipes of A. bisporus as natural antimicrobials [12]. The aqueous total protein extracts of the cultivated A. bisporus possess significant antibacterial activity, particularly against S. aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus [13]. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly used metallic nanoparticles, which possess potent antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. Agaricus bisporus is considered an important factor for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [14]. A. bisporus had the second level (about 11%) after oyster mushroom Pleurotus sp. in synthesis important nanoparticles. synthesized the AgNPs using the A. bisporus extract [15, 16]. AgNPs from A. bisporus have a higher zone of inhibition against Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Also, antibacterial activity of the synthesized A. bisporus-AgNPs against Gram-positive bacteria likes Staphylococcus aureus, S. typhi, Proteus sp. Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. [17, 18].

Anticancer

Agaricus bisporus contains bioactive compounds that exhibit anticancer properties. A. bisporus polysaccharide possesses strong immunostimulatory and antitumor bioactivity in vivo and in vitro [19]. A. bisporus contain three main polysaccharides α- glucan, β-glucan and galactomannan. Agaricus bisporus contain high amount of lovastatin [20] that exerts anti-cancer effects in the triple-negative breast cancer. Phytochemicals extracted from Agaricus bisporus suppress aromatase activity, inhibit breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation, and decrease mammary tumor formation in vivo [21].

Agaricus Bisporus as Antihyperlipidemic

Hyperlipidemia, represented by increased levels of triglycerides or cholesterol, is a dominant risk factor that contributes to the progression and development of subsequent cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, which is one of the most serious diseases in humans [22]. Extracts of A. bisporus give lovastatin drug which used for lowering cholesterol (hypolipidemic agent) in those with hypercholesterolemia to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [13]. Lovastatin exerts anti-cancer effects in the triple-negative breast cancer cell. Agaricus bisporus contain lovastatin that reduces the cholesterol level in serum and [23].

Agaricus Bisporus as Antidiabetic

Agaricus bisporus gives high amount of dietary fibers and antioxidants like vitamin C, D, and B12, folates and polyphenols that provide beneficial effects on cardiovascular and diabetic diseases [24]. A. bisporus contain numerous compounds with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant health benefits that can occur with frequent consumption over time in adults predisposed to type 2 diabetes [22].

Agaricus bisporus intake may be a viable dietary choice to prevent liver steatosis, which is an early reversible stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women [25] (Table 1).

Pharmacological effectsExtracted substancesReferences
AntihyperlipidemicLovastatinRamirez G, et al. [26]
Antibacterial and AntifungalEthanol and Silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs)		Sweedan EG, et al. [27]
AntioxidantPhenols SeleniumBhatia P, et al. [28]
Anticancerα- glucan, β-glucan and
galactomannan, methanol extract
Ergosterol and phenolic		Usman M, et al. [29]
Antiproliferative
(effects on human epithelial cancer
cells eye surgery for glaucoma)		LectinHou J, et al. [30]
Antidiabetic (Lowers blood glucose and
cholesterol levels)		Dehydrated fruiting body extractsJeong SC, et al. [24]

Table 1: Pharmacological effects of extracts from Agaricus bisporus.

Conclusion

A bisporus may provide significant support against malnutrition due to high nutritional and medicinal values have many usages in human dietary and pharmaceutical fields due to its composition originates from its chemical composition. Agaricus bisporus contains the essential amino acids useful as a food for the human health including cystine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. Extracts of A. bisporus give lovastatin drug which used for lowering cholesterol (hypolipidemic agent) in those with hypercholesterolemia to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and reduce the cholesterol level in serum and liver.

References

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@article{girma2024,
  title   = {Pharmaceutical Applications of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)},
  author  = {Girma Waktola Gemechu},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajpr-16000321}
}
Girma Waktola Gemechu (2024). Pharmaceutical Applications of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus). Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajpr-16000321
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Pharmaceutical Applications of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)
AU  - Girma Waktola Gemechu
JO  - Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
PY  - 2024
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.23880/oajpr-16000321
ER  -