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Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research Research Article 23 min read

Evaluation of Ethiopian Commercial Durum and Bread Wheat Varieties, Candidate and Differential Lines against Yellow Rust 2014-2016

Kasa D*, Negash T and Yirga F
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2474-8846  10.23880/oajar-16000164  Received: May 09, 2018  Published: May 24, 2018
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Keywords
Commercial Wheat Cultivars Differential Lines Effective Genes Yellow Rust
Abstract

Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat in worldwide. In Ethiopia, grain yield loss in wheat cultivars ranges from 30 to 69%. The highland of Ethiopia is considered as a hot spot for the development of yellow rust diversity. This study was carried out to monitor commercial cultivars and advanced lines of bread and durum wheat for their resistance to the prevailing race population and to identify effective resistance Yr genes. One hundred four (104) commercial and candidate varieties of durum and bread wheat were tested 96.2% of them were infected with yellow rust at different severity level (trace to 90S). The peak average severity of stripe rust on commercial and candidate varieties of bread and durum wheat reached with the range of 53.3 to 63.3% and 0 to 37% respectively. The result of yellow rust differential line indicated that most of the Yr (yellow rust) gene are not effective across all locations like Yr1, Yr5, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr 10, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr27 and YrA under field condition. Whereas Yr15 and Lassik (-Yr5) were effective genes to all the prevailing isolate for the last three cropping season.

Introduction

Yellow or stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) is a major wheat disease in the highlands of Ethiopia. Arsi and Bale also the major wheat production zones of the country and the known hotspots for the epidemics of yellow rust of wheat [1]. Even though there is seasonal variability in the occurrence of yellow rust in Bale highlands, the main and long rainy season is ideal for yellow rust development [2]. 58 percent of yield loss was recorded at Bekoji in 1988 due to yellow rust epidemics on Dashen. Grain yield losses of 30 to 96% have been recorded on susceptible bread wheat varieties in Bale [3]. Grain yield loss of 71% has been recorded on susceptible bread wheat variety Wabe in Bale [4]. Yellow rust also reduced the germination ability and kernel weight of Dashen by 72 and 56% respectively [5]. Wheat researchers in Ethiopia have been continuously breeding for disease resistance, wide adaptability and high yield, which resulted in the release of many cultivars to farmers. However, most of these cultivars were abandoned from production due to their susceptibility mainly to yellow rust disease [6]. The main reasons for periodic outbreaks of yellow rust disease in Ethiopia are the scarce information on the genetic variation of host-pathogen interactions and unreliability of current sources of resistance to the prevailing race population [5]. Breeding for resistance to wheat rusts has remained environmentally safe and economically feasible method of controlling the diseases. The knowledge of pathogenic specialization of rusts at host cultivar level help breeders and pathologists in providing host materials having useful gene (s) for resistance to the prevailing race population [6, 7]. Therefore, bread and durum wheat cultivars, promising lines yellow rust differentials will be assembled to form the Ethiopian Wheat Rust Trap Nursery (EWRTN). The Objective this research paper was to monitor commercial cultivars and promising advanced lines of bread and durum wheat for their resistance to the prevailing race population and to identify effective resistance genes against the prevailing race population of the yellow rusts.

Materials and Methods

The trap nursery experiment was conducted in Meraro and Arsi robe district from 2014-2016. The experiment was composed of 104 commercial and candidate varieties of bread and durum wheat and 17 yellow rust differential hosts. Each entry was planted in non-replicated in two rows of 1 m spaced at 20 cm. A spreader row consisting of susceptible checks of Morocco, PBW343 and Digalu were mixed in equal proportion to catch virulence for the Yr gene of stripe rust. Fertilizer was applied at the recommended rate for each location where the trap nurseries were planted. Scoring was done three times in each year during the growing season of 2014-2016 and only the maximum score per location was included in the report. The Modified Cobb's scale was used for scoring the severity of yellow rust of wheat and the response was recorded according to [7, 8].

Results and Discussion

Reaction of Commercial and Candidate Varieties of Bread and Durum Wheat to Yellow Rust

Of 83 bread and durum wheat varieties and lines evaluated 98.79% were infected with yellow rust with different average severity percentage range and reactions (0-63.3) and (trace - 90S) respectively at Arsi-robe and Meraro districts. Greater than 30 bread wheat cultivars and candidate lines that displayed resistant to moderately resistant reactions to the prevalent yellow rust races at both Arsi Robe and Meraro (Figure 1). The two most popular bread wheat varieties (Kubsa, and Digalu) in Ethiopia showed susceptible reaction comparing to the universally susceptible Morocco and PBW343. The bread wheat varieties and candidate line like Laketch, Mitike, Kubsa, Megal, Katar, Shina, Sulla, Kulkulu, ETBW6093, ETBW6647 and ETBW7255 exhibited susceptible reaction and the average severity level shows as > 30% at Arsi robe and Meraro within three cropping season. Among the infected genotypes, eleven (K6290 Bulk, K6295-4A, Pavon 76, Galema, Madda Walabu, Simba, Sofumar, Dodota, ETBW6861* (Lemu), Millennium, Hoggana, Kingbird and Hidassie exhibited average yellow rust severity range between 20-30% with a reaction of moderately resistant to susceptible. In addition, the varieties Enkoy, ET13A2, Meraro, Danda'a, Huluka, Gambo, Malefie, HAR719 and ETBW5800 shows range of 10-20% yellow rust severity in both locations. Among all commercial and candidate bread wheat varieties or lines that shows the lowest diseases severity range 0-10% was HAR727, HAR934, Bonny, Sanate, ETBW7698 and ETBW6130 (Wane) that displayed resistant to given yellow rust isolates with the reaction of moderately susceptible (MS) to moderately resistant (MR) in both location within three consecutive season (Table 2).

Figure 1: Commercial cultivars & advanced line of bread wheat evaluated in Arsi- robe and Meraro and their Average Severity Level 2014-2016.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Commercial cultivars & advanced line of bread wheat evaluated in Arsi- robe and Meraro and their Average Severity Level 2014-2016.

Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research

Variety/line WT Severity and Reaction of Commercial Variety and Lines for YR ASV% Severity and Reaction of Commercial Variety and Lines for YR ASV% ARSI ROBE MERARO ASV% 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S

Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research

Kakaba B 30 s 1 tr 80 s 37 5 mrms 30 s 40 s 25
Hoggana B 5 s 5 ms 60 s 23.3 5 ms 10 ms 50 s 21.7
Shorima B 10 s 1 ts 40 s 17 5 mss 10 mss 50 s 21.7
Huluka B 1 tms 5 ms 40 s 15.3 5 ms 10 s 30 s 15
Gambo B 10 ms 1 tr 40 s 17 5 msmr 5 sms 40 s 16.7
Galil B 80 s 1 tr 60 s 47 5 mr 1 tms 20 s 8.67
Jafersson B 40 s 1 tms 60 s 33.7 n n 1 tr 40 s 20.5
Tsehay B 50 s 5 msmr 70 s 41.7 10 s 0 0 5 s 5
HAR 727 B 5 ms 1 tr 1 mr 2.3 1 tmr 20 s 0 7
HAR 723 B 5 ms 1 tr 80 s 28.7 40 s 1 tms 80 s 40.3
HAR 934 B 10 ms 10 mr 1 mr 7 1 tms 20 s 0 7
HAR 1018 B 5 ms 0 _ 5 mr 3.3 20 sms 5 ms 40 s 21.7
HAR 820 B 10 ms 1 tms 20 mr 10.3 10 ms 5 s 10 ms 8.3
HAR 1407 B 5 ms 5 ms 15 ms 8.3 10 ms 40 s 10 ms 20
HAR 1331 B 10 ms 1 tr 10 mr 7 0 0 30 s 0 15
HAR 719 B 10 ms 0 0 30 s 13.3 0 0 10 ms 50 s 20
Hidassie B 15 ms 1 tmr 50 s 22 10 msmr 30 s 40 s 26.7
Ogolcho B 50 s 5 mr 50 s 35 10 s 30 s 20 s 20
ETBW5800 B 20 s 1 tmr 20 s 13.7 1 tmr 30 s 20 s 17
ETBW5879 B 15 s 1 tms 30 s 15.3 10 ms 40 s 20 s 23.3
ETBW5890 B 40 s 1 tmr 60 s 33.7 10 ms 50 s 10 ms 23.3
ETBW6093 B 10 ms 5 msmr 80 s 31.7 50 s 50 s 50 s 50
ETBW6094 B 10 ms 5 ms 50 s 21.7 10 ms 30 s 80 s 40
ETBW6098 B 10 ms 10 ms 80 s 33.3 5 ms 10 s 60 s 25
Kingbird B 5 msmr 40 s 22.5 20 s 20 mr 20
Mandoyu B 20 sms 60 s 40 30 s 20 mr 25
Sanate B 0 15 s 7.5 _ 10 s 1 ts 5.5
Gassay B 1 tmr 40 s 20.5 5 ms 1 tmr 3
ETBW6647* B 5 mr 80 s 42.5 30 s 60 s 45
ETBW6496* B 10 mss 30 s 20 5 ms 10 s 7.5
ETBW6696* B 5 mr 40 s 22.5 1 tmr 20 s 10.5
ETBW7698* B 1 tms 1 r 1 10 s 5 mr 7.5
ETBW6939* B 5 ms 20 s 12.5 30 s 40 s 35
ETBW7255* B 0 80 s 40 _ 60 s 60 s 60
ETBW6861*(Lemu) B 1 tmr 30 s 15.5 30 s 30 s 30
ICARDA ELITE 107 B 1 tmr 15 mss 8 20 s 20 ms 20
AGUILAL/3/PYN B 5 s 30 s 17.5 20 s 40 s 30
ETBW6130 (Wane) B 10 mr 10 5 s 5
Morocco B 80 s 60 s 80 s 60 s 30 s 80 s
PBW343 B 10 s 1 tms 60 s 40 s 40 s
Digalu B 0 s 1 tmr 70 s 1 tms 20 s 60 s

N.B: WT: Wheat Type, B-Bread, S-severity, R-reaction, ASV% Average severity, Yr- yellow rust and (-) missing.

Reaction of Commercial Varieties of Durum Wheat to Yellow Rust

Of the 21 durum wheat varieties included in the trap nursery, ten (Dure, Hitossa, Werer, Denbi, Mettaya, Ejersaa, Flakit, Toltu, Obssa, Tate and Bakalcha) showed below 10% average yellow rust severity with moderately resistant (MR) in terms of its reaction to yellow rust (Table 2). Whereas, Bobicho, Arendeto, Malefia and local red durum wheat verities exhibited a severity level range between 10 - 40%. In general, yellow rust recorded in all cropping season in both crop (durum and bread wheat) and locations this indicated that in all season the yellow rust occurred at epidemic level and good opportunity to see the disease states of our commercial durum verities. Even though the yellow rust occur at higher levels most of our commercial durum varities shows resistant reaction for the given yellow rust isolates for the last three Severity and Reaction of Commercial Variety and Lines for YR cropping season (Table2). Therefore, major of commercial durum varieties show resistance for yellow rust isolates than bread wheat.

Severity and Reaction of Commercial Variety and Lines for YR

ASV% ARSI ROBE MERARO

S R S R S R S R S R S R Arendeto D 5 ms 0 0 40 S 15 20 s 0 0 10 s 10 Hitossa D 0 0 0 0 1 ms 0.3 0 0 1 tmr 1 s 0.67 Werer D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 tmr 1 s 0. 7 Denbi D 0 0 0 0 10 mr 3.3 1 tmr 1 tmr 1 s 1 Selam D 10 sms 0 0 10 mr 6.7 10 ms 5 mr 20 s 11.7 Megenagna D 1 tms 1 tr 5 mr 2.3 5 msmr N N 20 s 12.5 Mettaya D 1 Tr 0 0 0 0 0.3 1 tmr 1 tmr 1 s 1 Ejersaa D 0 0 0 0 1 mr 0.3 0 0 1 tmr 1 s 0.7 Flakit D 0 0 0 0 10 mr 3.3 0 0 20 s 10 s 10 Malefia D 10 sms 5 ms 30 S 15 10 ms 10 s 40 s 20 Mossobo D 1 tmr 10 s 5 mr 5.3 5 ms 1 tmr 30 s 12 Toltu D 1 tmr 1 tr 1 mr 1 0 0 1 tms 10 s 3.7 Obssa D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 ms 5 s 3.3 Lellisso D 5 ms 1 tr 0 0 2 20 mr 1 tms 60 s 27 Tate D 0 0 5 mr 5 mr 3.3 1 tms 1 tms 20 s 7.3 Bakalcha D 0 0 0 0 10 mr 3.3 1 tmr 10 s 10 s 7 Oda D 1 tmr 5 mr 10 mr 5.3 10 s 1 tmr 30 s 13.7 Kokate D 1 tmr 1 tmr 5 mr 2.3 15 s 1 tms 30 s 15.3 Illani D 1 tmr 0 5 mr 2 10 mr 40 s 30 s 26.7 Local Red D 60 s 1 ts 0 20.3 50 s 1 tmr 60 s 37 Bobicho B 40 s 5 ms 80 S 41.7 10 sms 40 s 50 s 33.3

2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016

  • WT- Wheat Type, D-Durum, S-severity, R-reaction, ASV% Average severity, Yr- yellow rust

Table 1: The severity and reaction of commercial durum varieties to yellow rust in 2014-2016 at Arsi robe and Meraro.

Reaction of Yellow Rust Differentials to Yellow Rust of Wheat in 2014-2016 Seasons

Based on average severity percentage over years at Meraro virulence was detected for yellow rust resistance genes Yr1, Yr5, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr 10, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr27 and YrA. Effective genes identified during the three year season were Yr15, Lassik (-Yr5) and YrSP (Table 3). This result in line with Woubit found Yr5, Yr15 and Yr26 genes effective against 20 stripe rust races originating from Ethiopia [9, 11]. At Arsi Robe virulence was detected for Yr1, Yr5, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr 10, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr27, YrA were not effective genes of yellow rust within three year season. Whereas genes Yr15 Lassik (-Yr5), Lassik (-Yr5) and AVOCET S were effective to the yellow rust populations over year in Arsi Robe area. The highest average percentage of yellow rust severity of greater than 70 was recorded only on the checks (Morocco and Kubsa) (Table 3). Meraro and Arsi robe has the widest virulence spectrum for yellow rust of wheat and as a result most of the yellow rust differentials were not effective to the yellow rust populations prevailing at Meraro and Arsi Robe have comparable virulence spectrum in each season of yellow rust and almost equal number of effective and ineffective genes were identified during the three year season in both locations. In general, compared to the other cropping seasons, the virulence spectrum of yellow rust has increased in 2015and 2016 years in all locations and the number of effective genes identified is very low in all locations. The virulence spectrum of yellow rust at Meraro and Arsi-robe has always been wide because of the favorable environmental condition that prevailed there and the cereal monoculture (in terms of growing susceptible cultivars such as Kubsa and Digalu) that is widely practiced in Arsi zones which are among the major wheat-producing zones of the country.

Severity and Reaction of YRSeverity and Reaction YR
Line/ VeritiesYr geneMERAROARSI ROBE
201420152016ASV%201420152016ASV%
YR1/6* Avocet SYR1T-ms70s40s36.9750sts80S43.67
YR5/6* AOC CX86.6.1.20YR5T-ms60s40s33.6830s10mss50S29.33
YR6/6* AOC CX94.2.2.25YR630s80s60s56.6770s20s80S56.67
YR7/6* Avocet SYR750s_60s5560s30s80S56.67
YR8/6* Avocet SYR8T-ms80s20ms32.2710ms10s100S39.33
YR9/6* Avocet SYR940s80s50s56.6780s25s100S68.33
YR10/6* Avocet SYR1020s5mr60s27.3350s020S23.33
YR15/6* Avocet SYR1500Ts0.33ts000.33
YR17/3* AOC CX94.8.1.25YR1715s60s20s31.6780s5mr80S54
YR18/3* AOC CX94.10.1.7YR1830s60s80s56.6660s15s80S51.67
YR26/3* AOC CX96.17.1.YR2650s50s80s6060sTs70S43.67
YRSP/6* AOC CX94.14.1.15YRSP--10s1020s030S16.67
YR27/3* AOC CX94.19.1.1YR2720ms80s60s5250sN80S65
AVOCET RYRA60s60s80s66.6780s40s90S70
AVOCET S__20ms40s28_10mrTR2.5
Lassik(-Yr5)(-YR5)_ts01_000
Lassik(+Yr5)(+YR5)N10s20s15__10S10
Morocco60s80s80s73.3380sTmr80S53.47
Kubsa60s80s80s73.33_-15ms60S33

Table 2: Reaction of yellow rust differentials to yellow rust of wheat at Arsi Robe and Meraro 2014-2016.

ASV% Average severity, YR- yellow rust and (-) missing Table 3: Reaction of yellow rust differentials to yellow rust of wheat at Arsi Robe and Meraro 2014-2016.

Conclusion

The Bread wheat varieties such as HAR727, HAR934, Bonny, Sanate, ETBW7698, ETBW6130 (Wane), Enkoye, ET13A2, Meraro, Danda'a, Huluka, Gambo, and HAR719 was shows resistant to moderately resistant to the yellow rust within three consecutive season in both location under field condition. Majority of the durum varieties are resistant or moderately resistant to yellow rust like Dure, Hitossa, Werer, Denbi, Malefie, Mettaya, Ejersa, Flakit, Toltu, Obssa, Tate and Bakalcha. The above mentioned bread and durum wheat commercial verities advisable to be used by farmer to decreases the yield loss due to yellow rust for the coming cropping season. In addition, those beard and durum wheat varieties they can serve as important sources of resistance to the stripe rust races prevailing in Ethiopia and they should be included in the crossing blocks of the national wheat breeding research project. From the yellow rust differentials line the Yr15 and Lassik (-Yr5) are effective genes at both locations within three consecutive season under field condition. These resistant Yr genes could be probably incorporated in wheat breeding programs either single or in combination with other genes through gene pyramiding providing the additive effects of several genes to offer the cultivar a wider base yellow rust resistance in particular and the rusts as a whole.

Recommendation

From commercial bread wheat cultivars such as Sanate, Wane, Enkoye, ET13A2, Meraro, Danda'a, Huluka, Gambo are resistant varieties for yellow rust in addition, the durum wheat varieties like Dure, Hitossa, Werer, Denbi, Malefie, Mettaya, Ejersa, Flakit was recommend to use by farmer. From differentials line such as Yr15 and Lassik (- Yr5) are effective genes for yellow rust.

Acknowledgement

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Kulumasa Agricultural Research Center (KARC) is acknowledged for financial support in undertaking the research work.

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@article{kasa2018,
  title   = {Evaluation of Ethiopian Commercial Durum and Bread Wheat Varieties, Candidate and Differential Lines against Yellow Rust 2014-2016},
  author  = {Kasa D, Negash T and Yirga F},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {3},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajar-16000164}
}
Kasa D, Negash T and Yirga F (2018). Evaluation of Ethiopian Commercial Durum and Bread Wheat Varieties, Candidate and Differential Lines against Yellow Rust 2014-2016. Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000164
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Evaluation of Ethiopian Commercial Durum and Bread Wheat Varieties, Candidate and Differential Lines against Yellow Rust 2014-2016
AU  - Kasa D, Negash T and Yirga F
JO  - Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research
PY  - 2018
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.23880/oajar-16000164
ER  -