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Open Access Journal of Cancer & Oncology Research Article 12 min read

Application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab against COVID-19 Infectivity from the Aspect of Tumor-PIVIEMT Scheme

Hugwil AV*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-4625  10.23880/oajco-16000169  Received: February 06, 2021  Published: February 25, 2021
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Keywords
Anti-Cancer Antibody Human monoclonal antibody ClN-IgG/Pritumumab Idiotypic antibody Vimentinepitope EMT/MET Cancer Stem Cell Prion-amyloid Brain Tumor COVID-19
Abstract

The touch/tactile sensor PIEZO1/2 and vimentin network is the critical conduit for COVID-19 virus infectivity. Coordination of PIEZO1/2 and vimentin network in regard to EMT/MET which is actual accordance of PIVEMT is critical for stem cell sustenance and wound healing of the injured cells and tissues in inflammation. On the contrary PIVIEMT discordance, deteriorated PIEZO1/2-Vimentin network, provokes pathogenic symptoms such as severe autoimmunopathies. From this aspect imminent treatment is necessary to recuperate the patients from onset of pathogens and/or neoplasms by use of chaperonic antibody that is able to restore/resile the pathogenic PIVIEMT as seen in the clinical trials against brain tumor patients with repetitive administration of the natural human monoclonal antibody CLN-IgG/Pritumumab. Targeting the virus conduit with the chaperonic antibody is highly expected for not only shutting down the virus infectivity but also augmentation of the antibody-directed vaccination against virus propagation.

Introduction

In spite of the earnest contribution of biomedical challenge against COVID-19 contagion, we have not attained any certainty to end the pandemic. Vaccines distributions targeting the virus spike protein are getting more available, however the infectious rate and mortality do not seem to be waning. In this connection the natural antibodies in the blood plasma from the convalescent and /or recovering patients [1, 2] of COVID-19 signed the saving severe COVID-19 ill patients. However the very rare antibody that led the patient into recuperation showed quick clearance from their blood plasmas [3]. In this report author presents an application of the natural human monoclonal antibody CLN-IgG/ Pritumumab aiming at the attenuation of virus infectivity. CLN-IgG/Pritumumab was subjected in clinical trials for brain tumor patients as of the antibody-directed vaccination toward vipidam, a vimentin epitope, from the aspect of idiotope image transmission of the idiotypic antibody network [4, 5]. From clinical trials of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab (a natural human monoclonal antibody) targeting vipidam in repetitive administration into brain tumor patients resulted in a remarkable response with CR + PR >28.5% without severe adverse reactions [6, 7, 8, 9]. This result indicated that targeting vimentin was the critical point for cancer therapy.

On the other hand PIEZO1/2 touch/tactile ion channel was identified [10] and its tertiary structure has been extensively studied [11]. One of functions of PIEZO1/2 is deeply linked with nociception and proprioception [12] via EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition)/MET (Mesenchymal- Epithelial- Transition) [13]. Therefore coordination of PIEZO and vimentin involves in pain and anxiety via mechano- sensation response [14].

Author provides in this report the PIVIEMT scheme which presents a constellation of PIEZO1/2-Vimentin network showing how cancer stem cell could be reversed into normal stem cell owing to recuperation of cancer-niche cells towards normal-niche cells via resilience of the de- stressing vimentin network from distressed vipidam. And this scheme indicates how CLN-IgG/Pritmumab could be a potent antibody-directed vaccination against COVID-19 by virtue of the PIVIEMT tumbler. PIVIEMT stands for PIEZO- Vimentin coordination regarding to EMT/MET [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].

Targeting PIEZO1/2 is Indicating Therapeutic Potency of Cancers

PIEZO1/2’s 3-D structure was determined and it showed the tribune blade structure on the cell plasma membrane of almost all kind of somatic cells [11]. PIEZO2 was especially expressed on the neural cells (Neuron and Glia cell) and functioned as an ion channel (e.g. Ca+/Mg+/Zn+ channel) [11]. Augmented PIEZO1/2 was found in several cancer/ tumors including glioma [25] and their function for CSC was to adapt to severe stressful environments under abnormal hypoxia, osmosis, shear stress, hormone response, DNA damage etc. Hyper-nociception/proprioception of the cells/tissues is a big concern with regards to malignant cancer/tumor invasion and metastasis via EMT/MET [26]. In addition hypersensitivity of PIEZO1/2 links to tumor immunity [27], ageing [28], and cholesterol metabolism [29]. Onset of COVID-19 infection indicated PIEZO1/2 expression is linked with cellular senescence [30], vasculo-cardiopathy [31] and age-related neurodegenerative diseases [32].

The Scheme of PIVIEMT Explaining the Regression of Malignant Tumor by Means of Repetitive Administration of Anti-Vipidam Natural Human Monoclonal Antibody CLN- IgG/Pritumumab

Author reported on the analgesic activity (anti- nociceptive/anti-proprioceptive) of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab which was found in the course of the medical application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab as an anti-cancer antibody to human Brain Tumors (Table 1). Analgesics are chemical compounds indicating the links of anti-nociception/anti-proprioception, anti-inflammation, anti-ageing, and anti-carcinogenesis by means of regulation of EMT [33].

CompoundDoses (mg/kg, i.v.)No. of animalsWrithing counts (%)
Control01013.3 ± 1.6 (100)
Pritumumab0.21010.1 ± 2.5 ( 76)
1109.7 ± 1.7 ( 73)
2105.7 ± 1.7 ( 43)**

Table 1: Effect of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab on Analgesic Activity in Mice with The Method of Acetic acid-induced Writhing Test. Each va

The analgesic activity of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab was measured by acetic acid-induced writhing in mice with CLN-IgG/Pritumumab administered intravenously through the tail. A single shot with 2mg/kg of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab showed dramatic analgesic activity which also indicated anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity with the equivalent dosage of an opioid e.g. Morphine, Pentazocine, Nalbuphine (Narcotics)). This effect was much higher compared to other NSAID conventional analgesic reagents with 10-times for indomethacin and 100-times for Aspirin. The analgesic effect of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab was inferred by desensitization of PIEZO1/2, which regulates mechanotransduction signaling pathway via the discordance of PIVIEMT.

PIVIEMT stands for PIEZO1/2-Vimentin coordination with regard to EMT/MET cellular phase transitions. The regulation of PIEZO1/2 function led to anti-tumorigenesis. In fact inhibition of PIEZO1/2 with the spider venom GsMTx-4 showed tumor regression. Many analgesics possess cancer/ tumor suppressive activity (e.g. Jatrophane, a diterpenoid from the plant Euphorbiaceae is an example of folk medicine possessing anti-nociception and anti-virus effects followed by blocking aggressive metastasis of malignant cells and virus infectivity accompanied by modulation on EMT/MET [34, 35]). On the other hand vimentin and its networking is a hallmark of EMT/MET. Therefore it’s highly expected that the intervention on PIVIEMT by the repetitive administration of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab on the aberrant sensation of mechanotransduction in malignant cells may evoke the resilience of distressed vimentin networks via augmentation of chaperonic Abs (proteostasis) [8] (Figure 1). Furthermore vimentin plays a role in the sustenance of CSC so that the administration of CLN- IgG/Pritumumab accounts for the regression of malignancy through a certain reprogramming mechanism of CSC into non-invasive dormant cancer/tumor cells in MET. Moreover we knew repetitive administration of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab to brain tumor patients evoked augmented Ab3 that possesses the same antigenicity toward vipidam. Good responders in complete remission and partial remission (CR-PR) to Pritumumab therapy showed the augmentation of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab via idiotope image transmission (IIT) in conjunction with circaseptan rhythms [36] (Figure 2). The IIT seemed to evoke B-cell Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLS) in the primary cancer patients [37]. Targeting vipidam antibody-directed vaccination can also be expected to act against COVID-19 infectivity which depends on distressed PIVIEMT [38].

Figure 1: The scheme of PIVIEMT tumbler explaining regression of malignant tumor by the resilience of tumor-PIVIEMT by means of repetitive administration of anti-vipidam natural human monoclonal antibody CLN-IgG/Pritumumab.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: The scheme of PIVIEMT tumbler explaining regression of malignant tumor by the resilience of tumor-PIVIEMT by means of repetitive administration of anti-vipidam natural human monoclonal antibody CLN-IgG/Pritumumab.

A-stage: A conceptual image of PIVIEMT in existing networks of idiotope image transmission (IIT) in idiotype antibody networks. PIVIEMT is designated as a tumbler form which cells/tissues respond in the extra-cellular environment (Normal-niche in stromal milieu) via cyclic ion channel flux. Coordination of PIEZO-Vimentin (PIVIEMT accordance) network happens quickly in changing environments by means of tactile sensing of PIEZO leading to cell fate accompanied by EMT/MET. PIEZO-Vimentin network in the cell forms tumbler-like integrated-architecture (tumbler tensigrity) corresponding to the cyclic ion flux that is able to respond to the unprecedented change of the cellular microenvironment (niche) in regards to nociception/proprioception which is sensitized by mechanical stressors and then provokes EMT/MET. A constellation of PIEZO-Vimentin network is schematized in this figure.

B-stage: Vipidam is carried over on the segment 16-20 aa in Coil2B vimentin (designated with the EZΦNX motif nicknamed “Chagrin”) that is transmitted from generation to generation in stem cell renewal [9]. A stress trope transmits via inter/intra cellular PIEZO-Vimentin networks by means of a conduit of prion-amyloidogenesis of vimentin in PIVIEMT. Under severe stress (including intrinsic stress by the over expression of oncogene products), vipidam shifts into its liquid-droplet phase (= coacervation) acquiring prion-like properties and then it represents its antigenicity to immune surveillance effector cells (Topomissive). Configurational shift of PIVIEMT (e.g. from fibril to cage) in fluences cellular tensigrity which is linked to cell stiffness and/or pliability of the vimentin-associated cytoskeletal protein networks leading to cell hyperplasia accompanied by cell shape change fitting for the cell’s mobility through a stressful niche in the in flammage- induced deteriorated architecture of extra-cellular matrix (ECM). The tensigrity of PIVIEMT is abrogated in the event of tumorigenesis when the cell needs to adapt to the contorted/distressed milieu with neoplastic transformation of the cell.

C-stage: In tumorigenesis PIVIEMT echoed/reflected the contorted/distressed ECM toward the inner molecular prionogenic motif vipidam vice versa. Acquisition of cell motility by means of cell morphological change (=transformation) is also linked to cancer stem cell sustenance and apoptosis resistance in tumor invasion and metastasis with aberrant tumor-associated EMT/ MET. Most all of the proteins in a proteome possess the tendency to form amyloid, which have the physicochemical properties of liquid-droplets and liquid-liquid phase separation (=coacervatogenesis). The biological function of the coacervation of polypeptides has shed light on mRNA stabilization at the sites of RNA processing in the spliceosome, a stress-induced membrane-less organelle (e.g. Stress Granule, nucleoli), and in hetero-chromatin. A tumor microenvironment (T-niche) under severe stress (in this report, I focus on mechanical stress only) provokes a tumor-associated vipidam segment’s topological change to respond to the force caused by the stressors, which actuates stress signals (Topomissive) toward the immune surveillance system (e.g. a cell losing its cellular polarity through elimination by immune surveillance). Deterioration of PIEZO-Vimentin coordination (PIVIEMT discordance) provokes the aberration of PIVIEMT resiliency and consequently transmits the stress trope (EZΦNX, “Chagrin”) over an open IIT network leading to in flammation-associated cellular ageing (inflammage), which accelerates cellular senescence and tumorigenesis. Intervention by use of a vipidam specific antibody such as CLN-IgG/Pritumumab to the amyloidosis of PIVIEMT will facilitate anti-inflammage (=Senolytics/Senostatics), anti- age related neurodegeneration, anti-tumorigenesis, and blocks virus infectivity by means of the reversion of PIVIEMT discordance to normal tensigrity for organogenesis via chaperonic antibody-directed vaccination (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Idiotope Image Transmission of Antibody-directed Vaccination.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Idiotope Image Transmission of Antibody-directed Vaccination.

Figure 2 shows Chaotic attractor for the paratope image of anti-anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab3) found in the serum of malignant glioma patients who showed good response to the repetitive administration of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab (Ab1).

Brain tumor patients received 1 mg CLN-IgG/ Pritumumab (Ab1) twice a week for the duration indicated in the horizontal axes of Figure 2A. The concentration of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab in the patient’s serum was measured intermittently two times in a week by use of the anti-paratactic idiotypic antibody, murine Idio-33 Ab. The concentration of Ab3 was measured from the amount of IgG corresponding to that of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab calculated from the dose- dependent curve in ELISA with the Idio-33 coated micro-titer plates in the presence of 2M NaCl+5M Urea. The aperiodic augmentation of Ab3 was observed in the cases of CR, PR, and MR patient’s serums (upper figure A). No augmentation was observed in the cases of PD patients (lower figure A). These aperiodic waves were studied by time series analysis using the Wolfram Mathematica program which plotted Ab3 titer at the points (X(i(n), X(i(n+2))) where i(n+2) – i(n) =7 days is the time delay. i(n): the date of the nth data point. X(i(n)): the concentration of Ab3 on i(n). Figure 2B: The phase portrait of the Ab1paratactic idiotope augmented as indicated by the Ab3 waves in Figure 2A resembles Lorenz’s chaotic attractor. A chaotic attractor was not observed in the case of non-responders (NC and PD) for Pritumumab immuno-therapy. CR: complete Remission, PR: partial remission, MR: moderate remission, NC: nochange , and PD: partial tumor development.

Application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab against COVID-19 Contagions

Many virus contagions utilize the vimentin network regardless of their entry mechanisms or the specific receptor they use on the cell surface. Vimentin is a scaffold for virus infectivity (e.g. HIV, Norovirus, CMV, HPV, SARS-CoV) [39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Author reported the possibility of prionogenicity of vimentin to form prion-amyloid under mechanical stress, and vimentin’s configurational change from α- helices to β-sheets is how cancer/tumor cells adapt to severe mechanical stresses [9]. Vipidam might contribute to prion-conduit [44] for its transmission of a stress-trope Chagrin to the host immune surveillance system. Furthermore author presents here a plausible mechanism of tumor regression by means of the repetitive administration of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab (Figure 1 and Figure 2). It indicated that the modulation of PIVIEMT with CLN-IgG/Pritumumab blocked the vipidam conduit followed by the attenuation of hypersensitive PIEZO1/2 leading to reprogramming the cancer stem cells. Application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab against COVID-19 contagion is also expected to block its infectivity by shutting down the vipidam conduit in the vimentin network which will be able to reverse PIVIEMT discordance to PIVIEMT accordance.

Discussion

COVID-19 caused acute respiratory disease [45], cardiovascular damage [46], severe immune suppression [47], and autoimmune diseases [48] (e.g. Guillian-Barré syndrome (GBS), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)) in the patients. Therefore imminent and suitable vaccinization is necessary to defend the people from virus infection on this planet at least with anxiolytic effect. It is noteworthy about autoimmune responses in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 was associated with Sjӧgren’s syndrome in which anti-vimentin antibodies were conspicuously expressed. A part of vipidam motif was the one of epitopes recognized by natural auto-antibodies in the patient [49]. This finding suggested that vipidam might contribute to prion-conduit for its transmission of a stress-trope Chagrin to the host immune surveillance system  [50].  Whether autoantibodies  are  pathogenic or protective on onset of autoimmune diseases is still controversial. Rather in tumorigenesis, cancer patient’s recovery is well influenced by autoimmune response with the autoantibodies of the tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in tumor microenvironment (TME) [51]. From the aspect of the dichotomy of cancer stem cell development [52], in some occasions stem cells and their niche cells show the opposite functions on tumorigenesis. It seems that sustenance of neural stem cells should be prioritized for living things. Therefore immune response is a double-edged sword.

Conclusion

From the aspect of the PIVIEMT scheme, an application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab was the critical intervention against tumorigenesis of brain tumors. Author provided here an application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab toward EMT/MET modulation as a potent coordinator of antibody-directed COVID-19 vaccine basing on a conceptual rationale how anti- vipidam antibody therapy could be worthwhile for ending the COVID-19 pandemic via antibody-directed vaccination basing upon PIVIEMT accordance.

Acknowledgement

All labors of scientific research and time to prepare this manuscript were solely supported by HIHIMSA Foundation

Conflict of Interest

Authors have no competing interest concerning this article.

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@article{hugwil2021,
  title   = {Application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab against COVID-19 Infectivity
from the Aspect of Tumor-PIVIEMT Scheme},
  author  = {Hugwil AV},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Cancer & Oncology},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {5},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajco-16000169}
}
Hugwil AV (2021). Application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab against COVID-19 Infectivity
from the Aspect of Tumor-PIVIEMT Scheme. Open Access Journal of Cancer & Oncology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajco-16000169
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Application of CLN-IgG/Pritumumab against COVID-19 Infectivity
from the Aspect of Tumor-PIVIEMT Scheme
AU  - Hugwil AV
JO  - Open Access Journal of Cancer & Oncology
PY  - 2021
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/oajco-16000169
ER  -