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Advances in Clinical Toxicology Research Article 9 min read

Harmful Algal Blooms Associated Marine Bacteria: Composition and Potential

Ismail M Al Bulushi*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2577-4328  10.23880/act-16000235  Received: February 21, 2022  Published: March 08, 2022
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Keywords
Harmful Algal Blooms Pathogenicity Algicidal Potential Composition Microflora
Abstract

The frequency and recurrent of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has increased currently as an impact of the climate change. This phenomenon not only causes sea foods massive killing, but also changes the microbial composition seawater. Harmful algal blooms were found to introduce certain bacterial group and family of sea foods safety important to the sea environment such as Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio sp. The potential of some introduced bacterial flora such as algicidal has been found. However, the pathogenicity of this flora to the seawater has not been explored. This mini review initially shows the natural composition of marine microflora and analyzes the composition of seawater microbial flora composition associated with HABs with a reference to the algicidal and pathogenicity potential of this flora.

Introduction

The safety and quality of sea foods are affected by different biological and chemical as well as the handling practices. Certain hazards such as pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, biogenic amines and other chemical contaminants easily can be brought to the sea foods by marine environment and food handlers during handling. Marine environment is affected naturally by different phenomenon such as milky sea, bioluminescence, green flash, sea foam and brinicle [1], nevertheless, the harmful algal blooms (HABs) phenomenon has got the main attention among all natural phenomena that affected seas and oceans by food microbiologists, environment specialists and researchers worldwide due to its wide impacts on marine lives, coastal environment and possible impact on sea foods safety.

Harmful algal blooms or commonly known as red tide due to its impact on changing the colour of seas and oceans is an old phenomenon occurs in seas, lakes and sea farms. However, the high frequent occurrence and intensification in the recent years were attributed to different factors such as increasing sea surface temperatures due to climate change, changing storm frequencies and salinity fluctuations [2]. Despite the mode of action, the immediate impacts of HABs were found to include massive fish and marine lives killing and closure of desalination stations [3, 4, 5]. Harmful algal blooms were found to be caused by different dinoflagellates worldwide such as Alexandrium monilatum, Amphidinium carterae, Gymnodinium aureolum, Chrysochromulina polylepis, Prymnesium parvum, Cochlodinium catenatum, Cochlodinium polykrikoides [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].

In sub-tropical seas such as the Sea of Oman, Arabian Sea and Red Sea, the main HABs causative was found to be Noctiluca scintillans [10, 11, 12]. This phenomenon associated with changes and introducing new microflora to seas and oceans to an extent that these changes need to be clearly known due to its possible effect on seasfoos safety. Therefore, this mini review initially shows the natural composition of marine microflora and analyze the composition of seawater microbial flora composition associated with HABs with a reference to the algicidal and pathogenicity potential of this new microbial flora.

Natural Marine Microbial Flora

Marine fish harbours heterogeneous populations of microflora mainly bacteria. The type and count of the population depend on many factors such as environment, habit, handling and temperature, however, the nature of microflora in newly caught fish was found to be mostly depended on fish environment [13, 14]. Among natural marine microflora, proteobacter have been widely found in deep and surface seawater. This group includes main classes namely alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammapro teobacteria,deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria and zetaproteobacteria [15].

Gammaproteobacteria includes fish safety important genera such as those belong to Enterobacteriaceae like Salmonella sp., Escherichia sp. and polluted seas pathogens such as Vibrio sp. and quality important hydrogen- producing bacterial genera such as Shewanella sp. [16]. Gammaproteobacteria were found to dominate the proteobacterial flora of seawater in many studies [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Pathogenic Gammaproteobacteria such as Salmonella sp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus have been found as the main causative of food poisoning outbreaks associated with fish and other seafoods. For instance, data of fish-associated foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1998-2015 revealed that Salmonella sp. caused the largest outbreaks (50%) in fish with the main fish types implicated tuna (37%), mahi-mahi (10%), and grouper (9%) [22]. Moreover, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was found to be the main causative of some food poisoning outbreaks associated with oysters in US and Spain [23, 24].

Harmful Algal Blooms Associated Bacterial: Floral Composition and Potential

Bacterial floral association with HABs was mainly studied on the basis of the algicidal potential of some bacteria associated with different HABs. In this respect, certain bacterial species such as Hahella sp., Pseudoalteromonas peptidysin, P. carrageenovora, Exiguobacterium sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp. Zobellia sp., Cellulophaga lytica , Planomicrobium sp., Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Marinomonas sp., Stakelama sp., Porphyrobacter sp., and Albirhodobacter sp. have shown algicidal activities against certain dinoflagellates such as Prorocentrum donghaiense, Gymnodinium catenatum, Microcystis aeruginosa, Gymnodinium catenatum, Cochlodinium polykrikoides [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30].

Other studies however, focused on the analyses of the composition of seawater bacteria associated with HABs. For instance, among Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae were found in seawater associated with 4 dominant harmful dinoflagellates causing blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Dinophysis caudata, Prorocentrum arenarium and Protoperidinium in UAE [31]. Moreover, Vebrio cholerae was found during Lingulodinium polyedrum bloom, Aeromonas sp. and Shewanella sp. were found during Microcystis sp. bloom, Sphingomonas alaskensis, Xanthomonas sp. and Porphyrobacter sp. during Microcystis aeruginosa blooms, Ochrosphaera sp., Isochrysis sp. and Synechococcus sp. during Lingulodinium polyedrum blooms, Vibrio toranzoniae, Ruegeria pelagia and Psychrobacter adeliensis during Skeletonema costatum blooms [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36].

In fact, unpolluted seas and oceans are generally not an appropriate environment for pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae member such as Salmonella sp. and Vebrio cholerae as for instance in Salmonella sp. case, salt can cause osmotic shock which could lead to cell death [37]. Thus, the association of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio sp. with HABs in some studies [31, 38] could raise the concerns about the safety of seas and sea foods caught in HABs zones.

It can be understood from the previous studies that despite analyzing the composition of the HABs associated bacteria and elucidating the diversity of this flora, none of these studies have shown any potential of this flora relates to the safety of the seawater HABs zone where most the important seafoods such as shellfishes are caught in or closed HABs zone [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].

In conclusion, HABs do change the microbial flora of seawater and do introduce new flora. Despite the diversity of HABs associated bacterial flora, only algicidal potential has been explored and known, however, the pathogenicity and seawater safety aspect of this newly introduced flora has not been attempted.

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@article{ismail2022,
  title   = {Harmful Algal Blooms Associated Marine Bacteria: Composition
and Potential},
  author  = {Ismail M Al Bulushi},
  journal = {Advances in Clinical Toxicology},
  year    = {2022},
  volume  = {7},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/act-16000235}
}
Ismail M Al Bulushi (2022). Harmful Algal Blooms Associated Marine Bacteria: Composition
and Potential. Advances in Clinical Toxicology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000235
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Harmful Algal Blooms Associated Marine Bacteria: Composition
and Potential
AU  - Ismail M Al Bulushi
JO  - Advances in Clinical Toxicology
PY  - 2022
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/act-16000235
ER  -