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Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal Research Article 15 min read

Comparative Evaluation of Proximate, Mineral, Vitamins, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Pulp and Seeds of Doum Palm (Hyphaene Thebaica) in India

John AO*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-4803  10.23880/beba-16000229  Received: March 01, 2024  Published: April 05, 2024
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Keywords
Phytochemicals Medicinal Plants Nutrients Vitamins Minerals Antioxidant
Abstract

Medicinal plants are natural gift that contains phytochemicals that are ecofriendly, effective and non-toxic. These chemicals can also prevent antimicrobial resistance. However, the concentration of phytochemicals and nutritional properties underlines certain variation due to geographical location, age of plant, storage condition, extraction methods, amongst others. Therefore, this study was carried out to compare the proximate, mineral, vitamins, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of pulp (DPML) and seeds of Doum palm (DPSM) (Hyphaene Thebaica) in India. Proximate evaluation of DPML revealed that it had higher (p<0.05) levels of moisture (8.77%), crude fibre (13.06%), ether extracts (1.21%), ash (8.21%), carbohydrate (69.33%) and lower protein (6.21%) relative to DPSM which contained moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash and carbohydrates at 6.93 %, 8.07 %, 11.69 %, 0.09 %, 6.44 % and 54.08 % respectively. DPML had higher (p<0.05) concentration of calcium (387.21 mg/100g), phosphorus (2956.1mg/100g), potassium (175.1mg/100g), manganese (28.03mg/100g), magnesium (186.1mg/100g), zinc (10.33mg/100g), copper (8.61mg/100g), sodium (228.1mg/100g) and iron (9.11 mg/100g) compared to DPSM which contained calcium, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, magnesium, zinc, copper, sodium and iron at 206.8 mg/100g, 1600.2 mg/100g, 113.5 mg/100g, 15.14 mg/100g, 102.4 mg/100g, 10.05 mg/100g, 5.78 mg/100g, 190.2 mg/100g and 6.08 mg/100g respectively. Doum palm pulp meal contained greater concentrations (p<0.05) of vitamin A (9.38iu/100g), vitamin B1 (26.01μg/100g), vitamin B1 (11.73μg/100g), vitamin B6 (57.10μg/100g), vitamin B12 (15.61μg/100g), vitamin C (122.6μg/100g) and vitamin E (31.62μg/100g) relative to 5.06iu/100g, 21.48μg/100g, 9.45μg/100g, 42.08μg/100g, 10.20μg/100g, 95.18μg/100g and 23.49μg/100g reported for vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C and vitamin E respectively. Doum palm pulp meal produced higher concentrations of phenols (82.10mg/g), flavonoids (39.15mg/g) and saponins (2.16mg/g) and lower concentrations of tannins (11.72mg/g) and alkaloids (6.13mg/g) relative to doum palm seed meal (p<0.05) which contained phenols (65.72mg/g), flavonoids (30.86 mg/g), tannins (18.83mg/g), alkaloids (9.17mg/g) and saponins (1.91mg/g). DPPH was greater (p<0.05) in doum palm pulp meal with 31.82% compared to doum palm seed meal (26.07%). It was concluded that DPML and DPSM is loaded with nutrients and other medicinal properties making them useful in livestock production.

Introduction

Plants are an essential source of nutrition and medicinal substances, and they have always been prized natural riches [1]. They are capable of producing a large range of different compounds, which can be further classified into primary and secondary metabolites. All plants have primary metabolites like sugar and lipids, but only a limited number of plants produce secondary metabolites, which are created by those plants and have particular uses [2]. Secondary metabolites are highly intriguing and potent natural chemicals that are acknowledged for their medical usefulness [3].

A very broad range of physiologically active substances, including alkaloids, glucosinolates, cyanogenic glucosides, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, terpenoids, saponins, organic acids, and many more, are part of the defensive chemistry of plants [4, 5, 6, 7]. These substances function as signaling substances to draw in pollinators or predators in addition to acting as deterrents against herbivory and frequently against microbial infection [3]. Biologically active chemicals are typically found in complex combinations found in medicinal plants. They have an impact on several targets. Plants used in phytotherapy often have low toxicity levels [8]. Treating chronic diseases may benefit from the use of certain of the active secondary metabolites. The doum palm is one of the world’s potentially beneficial plants [9].

Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) is a dichotomous, tall, multi-stemmed desert plant belonging to the family Arecaceae and order Arecales. It can grow up to 15 m in height and is endemic to Africa and some parts of Asia especially west India [10, 11]. The leaves contain strong fibres and are used to make mats, bind parcels and writing paper. The trunk of the palm is used for construction, as well as for manufacture of various domestic utensils [8, 12]. The oblong, yellow orange apple sized fruit has a red outer skin, a thick, spongy and rather sweet, fibrous fruit pulp that tastes like gingerbread and a large kernel [13]. The covering of the fruit is edible and can either be pounded to form a powder or cut off in slices; the powder is often dried then added to food as a flavoring agent [14, 15].

According to Datti, et al. [16], doum palm fruit pulp contains minerals: calcium, phosphorus, manganese, potassium, magnesium, sodium, zinc, iron, copper and cobalt needed for enzymatic reactions in the body of animals. It is also rich in protein at 2.86 %, ash (6.20%), ether extract (0.92%), crude fibre (13%) and carbohydrate at 68.5%. Phytochemical analysis of doum palm fruit also reveals the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids and saponins which are capable of performing multiple biological activities: antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-stimulatory, hepato-protective, antifungal, antiviral, amongst others [17, 18]. Doum palm pulp extracts also have the capacity to inhibit the activities of some pathogenic organisms such as: Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus due to the presence of phytochemicals [19, 20].

Previous studies have shown that chemical composition of Doum palm can be influenced by age of plants, geographical location, method of processing, climate, storage conditions, amongst others [21]. This research is timely, because it gives a clue on the nutritional properties of Hyphaene thebaica found in Gujarat as well as to examine whether they can be utilized as a potential feed additive for livestock.

Materials and Methods

Site of the Experiment

The investigation was carried out at the Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research laboratory, Gujarat, India in the month of January, 2024. The Research Institute is located between 23o13’N and 72o41’E. All laboratory procedures were strictly adhered to according to guidelines laid down by Association of Analytical Chemists. Laboratory kits were adjusted following the manufacturer’s instruction.

Collection of Fresh Doum Palm and Processing

Fresh, dried mature fruits of doum palm were harvested within the premises of Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat India from different trees and taken to the department of Biological Sciences of the same institute where samples were identified by a certified plant taxonomist and assigned a voucher specimen number AA/SM/24. The collected fruits were crushed using a mechanical splitter to separate doum pulp from the kernel. Each of the component (pulp and seed) were shade dried for five days before it was pulverized into powder and stored separately in a labeled air tight polythene bag before extraction. Doum palm pulp meal was abbreviated as DPML while doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

200 g of the sample were soaked separately into 1litre of water and agitated in a blender for 5 minutes before it was transferred into a container, stirred intermittently and kept for 48 hours before it was filtered through a filter. The extracts (filtrate) were used for the determination of antioxidant properties and vitamin composition in the samples.

Reagents for Phytochemical Evaluation

Sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, folin- ciocalteau’s reagent, aluminum chloride, sodium nitrate, sulphuric acid, bromocresol solution, ferric ammonium sulphate, amyl alcohol and ammonium thiocyanate solution.

Laboratory Equipment Used for the Experiment

Test tubes, beakers, conical flask, water bath, digital thermometer and conical flask.

Proximate Analysis of DPML and DPSM

Proximate composition of samples was carried out using Perkin Elmer near infra-red kit (Model: FT 9700, China). 200 grams of each sample was passed through the sample collecting vat connected to a monitor (for display of results; scanning grating transmittance). For proper efficiency the equipment was set to a wavelength of 570 to 1100 nm to display results (moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash and carbohydrates) at an analysis time of 25 seconds.

Mineral Evaluation of DPML and DPSM

100 g of each sample was used for mineral analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Model: SP-AA 4500, China) equipped with integrated computer controlled longitudinal heated graphite furnace. For efficiency, the machine is set at a programmable temperature up to 3000℃ in 1℃ increment, wavelength repeatability and accuracy of ± 0.1 nm and ± 0.3 nm respectively. Slits are automatically selected at 0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.7; 1.4 and 2.0 nm, wavelength range (185–900 nm), injection volumes from 1 to 50 µL, heating rate of 2000oC/s under software control (SPWinAA Software Package) to display results.

Vitamin Analysis of DPML and DPSM

Quantifying fat and water soluble vitamins was carried out using Agilent LC/MS kit equipped with jet steam electrospray ionization coupled with diode array detector. For precision, all the manufacturers instruction is strictly adhered to. For the MS chamber: drying gas temperature and sheath gas flow is adjusted at 250℃ and 350℃, sheath gas flow (12 L/min), capillary (4,000 V) and nozzle voltage (1000 V) while LC chamber is configured at an injection volume of 5 µL, auto sampler temperature (15℃) and mobile phase: H20 with 0.1% FA, 4.5 mM ammonium formate and 0.5 mM ammonium fluoride as well as MeOH with 0.1% FA, 4.5 mM ammonium formate and 0.5 mM ammonium fluoride respectively in each column.

Gas Chromatograph Analyzer for DPML and DPSM

Different optical densities for phytochemical samples was carried out with YL6500 GC gas chromatograph made up of 3 components viz: inlet, column oven and detector (data acquisition chamber). Inlet chamber is adjusted to a maximum temperature of 450℃, total flow setting range for samples: 0.01 to 100 mL/minute, pressure range (0.001 to 100 psi) and flow stability (< ± 0.05 mL/min) while the column oven is maintained at a heating rate 120℃/min, cooling down option (80℃ to 450℃ with LN2 cryogenic cooling), maximum run time of 9,999 min while the data acquisition unit is coupled with flame ionization detector, thermal conductivity detector, electron capture detector, nitrogen phosphorus detector, flame photometric detector and pulsed discharge detector at temperatures of 450℃, 400℃, 400℃, 400℃, 300℃ and 400℃ respectively.

Quantification of Total Tannins in DPML and DPSM

5g of DPML and DPSM was added to 1.5mL of ammonium sulphate in a conical flask, the mixture was covered for 5 minutes and kept under room temperature followed by the addition of 1.0 mL sodium bicarbonate, 10 mL distilled water and stirred before it was introduced to YL6500 GC gas analyzer and adjusted to an optical density of 560 nm.

Estimation of Total Phenolic Compounds in DPML and DPSM

5g of DPML and DPSM was added to 1.5 mL of Folin- Ciocalteau reagent in a beaker, the mixture was covered for 10 minutes and kept under room temperature followed by the addition of 1.0 mL sodium carbonate, 10 mL distilled water and stirred before it was introduced to YL6500 GC gas analyzer and adjusted to an optical density of 700nm.

Estimation of Flavonoids in DPML and DPSM

5 g of DPML and DPSM was added was added to 0.8 mL nitric oxide mixed together in a test tube, the mixture was incubated for 10 minutes followed by the addition of 0.5 mL of sodium hydroxide. It was introduced to YL6500 GC gas analyzer and adjusted to an optical density of 850 nm according to standard laboratory procedures outlined by Mahmoudi, et al.

Determination of Alkaloid Concentration

5 g of DPML and DPSM was diluted with 2 mL of phosphate buffer and 1.5 mL of bromocresol green solution were mixed together in a test tube covered and allowed to stay for 30 minutes before it was injected into spectrophotometer and set at an optical density of 510 nm. Other procedures were carried out according to the methods outline by Njoku and Chidi.

Determination of Saponins

5 g of DPML and DPSM was diluted with 1.0 mL of distilled water followed by the addition of 0.5 mL ferric ammonium sulphate. The mixture was thoroughly mixed in a test tube, covered and cooled at room temperature for 10 minutes. YL6500 GC gas analyzer and adjusted to an optical density of 650 nm according to standard laboratory procedures outlined by Bayero, et al.

Antioxidant Properties of DPML and DPSM

Free radical scavenging activity of the extract was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). Here, 2 mL of DPML and DPSM extract was added to 2 mL of 0.4 nM methanolic solution of DPPH. The mixture was then shaken vigorously and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance was then measured at 520 nm using YL6500 GC gas analyzer.

Statistical Analysis

Data collected were subjected to analysis adopting Student’s T-test and Statistical Analysis System (SAS, version 9.4) PROC ANOVA GLM Analysis of Variance.

Results and Discussion

As presented in Table 1, proximate composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM). DPML had higher (p<0.05) levels of moisture (8.77%), crude fibre (13.06%), ether extracts (1.21%), ash (8.21%), carbohydrate (69.33%) and lower protein (6.21%) relative to DPSM which contained moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash and carbohydrates at 6.93%, 8.07%, 11.69%, 0.09%, 6.44% and 54.08% respectively. Moisture content in a sample is used to determine its level of deterioration, thus a lower moisture level suggests a longer shelf life of a sample [22, 23]. The moisture content reported in this experiment were higher lower than those reported for Kigelia africana pulp (9.70%). Though the protein content of doum palm seed meal was higher compared to doum palm pulp meal, both result indicates that they are low in protein and cannot be used as protein supplement in the diets of monogastric animals. Results obtained for protein in this experiment, disagrees with the findings of Waleed, et al. and Datti, et al. [24] who recorded 2.86 % and 2.32 % for doum palm seed meal and doum pulp meal respectively.

These discrepancies can be attributed to variation in climate, geographical location and age of plants [2]. Ash content in a sample is used to determine the concentration of minerals in a sample [23]. Ash content in DPML and DPSM was higher than those reported for Phoenix dactylifera seeds (1.30%) by Eimad, et al. [25]. Crude fibre in diet of animals helps to improve digestion and reduce serum cholesterol level, thus preventing the incidence of coronary diseases [26, 27]. The result in this experiment suggests that DPML and DPSM are good sources of dietary fibre. The values recorded for crude fibre and ether extract is in consonance with the report of Aboshora, et al. [28] when fresh, epicarp and pitted sample of doum fruit was examined. Result on carbohydrate composition of DPML revealed that it is a good source of energy compared to DPSM. Carbohydrate are needed for the maintenance of basal metabolism of various organs and tissues of animals and also needed for proper body motion [21]. Earlier studies have reported 62.70%, 75.20% and 43.0% carbohydrate composition for seeds and meal of cashew nut as well as those of tiger nut residues [29, 30].

Variables*DPML**DPSMp value
Moisture8.77 ± 0.17b6.93 ± 0.15a< 0.01
Crude protein6.21 ± 0.04b8.07 ± 0.06a< 0.01
Crude fibre13.06 ± 0.03a11.69 ± 0.02b0.02
Ether extracts1.21 ± 0.04a0.09 ± 0.06b< 0.01
Ash8.21 ± 0.02a6.44 ± 0.01b0.01
Carbohydrate69.33 ± 0.27a54.08 ± 0.12b0.03

Table 1: ** Proximate composition of Doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

*Doum palm pulp meal: DPML; Doum palm seed meal: DPSM Table 1:** Proximate composition of Doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

As presented in Table 2, the mineral composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM). DPML had higher (p<0.05) concentration of calcium (387.21mg/100g), phosphorus (2956.1mg/100g), potassium (175.1mg/100g), manganese (28.03mg/100g), magnesium (186.1mg/100g), zinc (10.33mg/100g), copper (8.61mg/100g), sodium (228.1mg/100g) and iron (9.11mg/100g) compared to DPSM which contained calcium, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, magnesium, zinc, copper, sodium and iron at 206.8mg/100g, 1600.2mg/100g, 113.5mg/100g, 15.14 mg/100g, 102.4mg/100g, 10.05mg/100g, 5.78mg/100g, 190.2mg/100g and 6.08mg/100g respectively. This result suggests that DPML is loaded with various minerals needed for the activation of enzymes and movement of nutrients and waste around the body cells of animals [1]. For instance, calcium is needed for heathy bones, effective blood pressure regulation and muscle contraction [31]. Phosphorus aids in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and maintains acid base balance [32]. Magnesium are needed for muscle contraction and acts as co-factors for metabolic enzymes [33]. Zinc boost the body immunity and are needed for making protein and genetic material [34]. Copper is needed for iron metabolism and creation of haemoglobin regulating neurotransmitters [34]. Sodium enhances proper fluid and pH balance, nerve transmission and muscle contraction [35]. Potassium regulates heat beats and effective nerve functioning [36]. Iron is a part of haemoglobin found in red blood cell that carries oxygen in the body and also needed for energy metabolism. The result obtained is in agreement with the findings of Bonde, et al. [37] when nutritional composition of doum palm fruits in west coast of India was examined.

Variables*DPML (mg/100g)**DPSM (mg/100g)p value
Calcium387.21 ± 0.12a206.8 ± 0.09b0.012
Phosphorus2956.1 ± 0.02a1600.2 ± 0.01b0.001
Potassium175.1 ± 0.06a113.5 ± 0.10b0.003
Manganese28.03 ± 0.02a15.14 ± 0.08b0.01
Magnesium186.1 ± 0.10a102.4 ± 0.12b0.001
Zinc10.33 ± 0.03a10.05 ± 0.01b0.002
Copper8.61 ± 0.01a5.78 ± 0.01b0.001
Sodium228.1 ± 0.17a190.2 ± 0.14b0.001
Iron9.11 ± 0.03a6.08 ± 0.02b0.001

Table 2: Mineral composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

*Doum palm pulp meal: DPML; **Doum palm seed meal: DPSM Table 2: Mineral composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

As presented in Table 3, vitamin composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM). Doum palm pulp meal contained greater concentrations (p<0.05) of vitamin A (9.38 iu/100g), vitamin B1 (26.01µg/100g), vitamin B1 (11.73µg/100g), vitamin B6 (57.10µg/100g), vitamin B12 (15.61µg/100g), vitamin C (122.6µg/100g) and vitamin E (31.62µg/100g) relative to 5.06iu/100g, 21.48µg/100g, 9.45µg/100g, 42.08µg/100g, 10.20µg/100g, 95.18µg/100g and 23.49µg/100g reported for vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C and vitamin E respectively. Vitamins are chemical compounds that are needed in small amounts for biological functions and growth maintenance [37]. Insufficient inclusion of vitamins in the diets of animals could lead to deficiency syndrome [38]. For instance, vitamin B1 is needed in the production of cholesterol and different kinds of hormones, synthesis of fats and carbohydrates as well as replication of deoxyribonucleic acid [39]. Vitamin B6 helps in the creation of red blood cells and maintaining the immune system of animals [40]. Vitamin B12 is required for the maintenance of the nervous system as well as synthesis of glucose [41]. Lack of vitamin B complexes in the diet of animals may result in muscle body weakness [42]. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that protects cells from free radicals and unstable molecules that can damage body cells [43]. Vitamin D is required to maintain normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood [32]. Antioxidant that protects other nutrients like vitamin A and certain lipids from being damaged is the sole responsibility of vitamin E [44]. Insufficient quantities of vitamin C, D and E in the diets of animals could result in scurvy, rickets and neuropathy/ anemia respectively [41].

VariablesUnits*DPML**DPSMp value
Vitamin Aiu/100g9.38 ± 0.03a5.06 ± 0.02b< 0.01
Vitamin B1µg/100g26.01 ± 0.19a21.48 ± 0.16b0.02
Vitamin B2µg/100g11.73 ± 0.09a9.45 ± 0.06b0.01
Vitamin B6µg/100g57.10 ± 0.12a42.08 ± 0.10b0.01
Vitamin B12µg/100g15.61 ± 0.17a10.20 ± 0.14b< 0.01
Vitamin Cµg/100g122.6 ± 0.44a95.18 ± 0.21b0.02
Vitamin Eµg/100g31.62 ± 0.11a23.49 ± 0.08b0.01

Table 3: Vitamin composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

*Doum palm pulp meal: DPML; **Doum palm seed meal: DPSM Table 3: Vitamin composition of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

As presented in Table 4, the phytochemical analysis of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM). Doum palm pulp meal produced higher concentrations of phenols (82.10mg/g), flavonoids (39.15mg/g) and saponins (2.16mg/g) and lower concentrations of tannins (11.72mg/g) and alkaloids (6.13mg/g) relative to doum palm seed meal (p<0.05) which contained phenols (65.72mg/g), flavonoids (30.86mg/g), tannins (18.83mg/g), alkaloids (9.17mg/g) and saponins (1.91mg/g). The results suggest that both samples contain chemical compounds with pharmacological properties viz: antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-bacterial, antifungal, hepato- protective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiseptic, antiviral, anti-androgenic, anti-proliferative and antipyretic properties [45, 46]. However, results obtained is in agreement with the findings of Ghada, et al. [15]; Mohammed, et al. [47]. Flavonoids are known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties. Phenols possess antioxidant properties and are capable of preventing the body against oxidative stress, thus preventing infections [47, 48]. Recent findings demonstrate that tannins possess gastro-protective, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities [49]. Alkaloids exhibit anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti- dysentery and analgesics activities [50]. Pharmacologically, saponins have been shown to exhibit hormonal and anti- fungal, antioxidants and hypolipidemic and anti-androgenic activities [51].

Variables*DPML (mg/g)**DPSM (mg/g)p value
Phenols82.10 ± 0.08a65.72 ± 0.03b0.003
Flavonoids39.15 ± 0.17a30.86 ± 0.12b0.001
Tannins11.72 ± 0.25b18.83 ± 0.21a0.002
Alkaloids6.33 ±0.00b9.17 ± 0.00a0.001
Saponins2.16 ±0.01a1.91 ± 0.02b0.001

Table 5: ** Phytochemical analysis of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

*Doum palm pulp meal: DPML; Doum palm seed meal: DPSM Table 4:** Phytochemical analysis of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

As presented in Table 5, antioxidant properties of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM) to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl. DPPH was greater (p<0.05) in doum palm pulp meal with 31.82 % compared to doum palm seed meal (26.07%). The results indicated that both samples possess antioxidant properties. However, DPML has more potential to scavenge reactive oxygen species and free radicals thus preventing cell damage and infections in the body [52]. Free radicals’ steals electron from a healthy cell causing breakdown in activities [21]. Antioxidant defenses suppress free radicals that are toxic to the cells [1]. The high concentration in vitamin A, C and E recorded in DPML can reduce and detoxify oxygen intermediates in cells of animals. The antioxidant activity of DPML and DPSM is lower than values recorded for Phoenix dactylifera fruit (35.64 to 67.56%), Soursop pulps (61.22%), soursop peels and seeds (51.10%, 48.09%) recorded by Safia, et al. [53]; Hakime, et al. [54]. The variation in these results can be attributed to differences chemical compounds, extraction and storage techniques, species amongst other [55, 56, 57].

Variables*DPML
(mg/g)		**DPSM
(mg/g)		p value
1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl
hydrazyl (DPPH)***		31.82 ±
0.05a		26.07 ±
0.03b		0.002

Table 4: ** Antioxidant properties of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

*Doum palm pulp meal: DPML; Doum palm seed meal: DPSM; *DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl Table 5: Antioxidant properties of doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM).

Conclusion

It was concluded that doum palm pulp meal (DPML) and doum palm seed meal (DPSM) have nutritional and medicinal properties due to the presence of phytochemicals which promotes multiple biological activities such as: antimicrobial, antifungal, hepato-protective, immune-stimulatory, antiviral, antioxidant properties amongst others. DPML also contains higher antioxidant properties compared to doum palm seed meal making it possible to scavenge free radicals, thus preventing infection. Therefore, both DPML and DPSM can be utilized by livestock.

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@article{john2024,
  title   = {Comparative Evaluation of Proximate, Mineral, Vitamins,
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Pulp and Seeds of
Doum Palm (Hyphaene Thebaica) in India},
  author  = {John AO},
  journal = {Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/beba-16000229}
}
John AO (2024). Comparative Evaluation of Proximate, Mineral, Vitamins,
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Pulp and Seeds of
Doum Palm (Hyphaene Thebaica) in India. Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000229
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of Proximate, Mineral, Vitamins,
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Pulp and Seeds of
Doum Palm (Hyphaene Thebaica) in India
AU  - John AO
JO  - Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal
PY  - 2024
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/beba-16000229
ER  -