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Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources Research Article 14 min read

Botanical, Chemical, and Pharmacological Characteristics of Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.)

Rahal El Kahkahi*, Meryama Moustaine and Rachid Zouhair
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-4994  10.23880/jenr-16000384  Received: June 30, 2024  Published: August 01, 2024
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Keywords
Ceratonia siliqua L. Sclerophyll Heliophilous Medicinal Plant Thermophilic
Abstract

In Morocco the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), is scattered in the wild or artificial state throughout the country. It belongs to the Ceasalpiniaceae subfamily of the legume family, is a sclerophyllous, xerophilic, thermophilic, calciclous and heliophilous species. The carob is a Mediterranean medicinal plant, it is characterized by ecological, socio-economic, industrial and ornamental importance. It is an agro-sylvo-pastoral species that can be used for the rehabilitation of degraded soils, thanks to its capacity to adapt to different edapho-climatic conditions. The most important producing countries are Spain, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. Many factors affect the chemical composition of the fruit as well as its mineral content, for example the temperature, the origin of the cultivar and the harvest period. In therapy, this plant is known for its cholesterol-lowering, antiproliferative, antidiarrheal effect.

Rahal El Kahkahi1*, Meryama Moustaine2 and Rachid Zouhair1

Keywords: Ceratonia siliqua L.; Sclerophyll; Heliophilous; Medicinal Plant; Thermophilic

Botanical Characters

The carob tree ( بورخلاin Arabic, tikida in Tamazight, carob in English), derives from the Greek Keras (horn) and from the Latin siliqua designating a silique or pod and alluding to the hardness and shape of the fruit [1]. This species belongs to the genus Ceratonia, subfamily Caesalpinioidae of the family Fabaceae, which is part of the order Fabale, class Magnolipsida [2]. Ceratonia siliqua L. is an endemic Mediterranean plant of indisputable ecological, industrial and ornamental importance [3], aromatic and medicinal [4] which is currently among the most efficient fruit and fodder forest trees that exist in Morocco. It is found in its natural state mainly in Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Greece, Italy, Turkey, Algeria, Egypt and Cyprus. It has been successfully introduced in several countries with a Mediterranean climate. This is the case in Australia, South Africa, the United States, the Philippines and Iran [1]. In Morocco, the carob tree is present, in the form of natural or artificial plantations, throughout the country up to 1150 altitude in very arid areas [5]. It is found in the western and eastern Rif [6]. Carob stands fit into open or shrubby areas and are either natural or introduced as forest-generating species [6]. The main spontaneous population of the carob tree is located in the regions of Fez, Marrakech, Agadir, Essaouira, Taza, El Hoceima, Beni Mellal and Khenifra, in association with the olive tree, mastic tree, cedar or argan tree [7]. The carob tree can reproduce by two ways : sexual propagation (Seeds) [8]

and vegetative propagation (cuttings [9]; grafting [7, 10] or by micro-propagation [11].

According to data from FAOSTAT [12], the world production area of the carob tree is estimated at 102939 ha. The largest area, 83574ha, is that of Europe, against an estimated area of 30000ha for Morocco and 13460ha for the other North African countries. The world production of carob is estimated at 191355.64 tons [12]. It is mainly concentrated in Spain, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, followed by Cyprus, Algeria, Lebanon and lastly Tunisia. In Morocco, production has increased insignificantly, it went from 20,000T in 2012 to 21,983T in 2017 [12].

Ecological Characters

The carob tree, whose area of distribution extends in the sectors of the plateaus and in medium mountains up to 1700m of altitude, is indifferent to the nature of the substrate ; it tolerates poor, heavy loamy, rocky and calcareous, schistose, sandstone soils with a pH of 6.2 to 8.6; but it fears acidic and very humid soils [13]. It adapts to several types of soil with the exception of hydromorphic and salty soils and schistose crusts. It is found on marly soils, on poor superficial and rocky calcareous soils, on rocky slopes, on inaccessible escarpments and uncultivated hills [6].

Description Of Carob

Tree : the carob tree is a dioecious tree [14], and sometimes hermaphrodite and rarely monoecious [1], of which three forms of flowers can be distinguished (male flowers, female flowers and hermaphrodite flowers), which are carried on different feet. Initially the flowers are bisexual, but during the development of the flower (floral ontogeny), one sex is suppressed [15]. Flowering : flowering takes place from August to November and maturation at the end of spring of the following year [1]. Leaf : the leaves of Ceratonia siliqua L., 11.62cm to 18.60cm long [7], are persistent [13], leathery, alternate and characterized by a furrowed petiole. It is composed of 7.4 to 12.4 leaflets [7], with or without terminal leaflet. The leaflets are 4.22cm to 6.40cm long [7], oval or elliptical in shape, opposite, shiny green on the dorsal side and pale green on the ventral side [16]. The carob tree loses its leaves every two years, in July. This tree develops a pivoting root system, which can reach 18m in depth [6]. Fruit : the fruit of the carob tree, called carob, is an indehiscent pod with irregular edges, elongated, straight or curved, 10.10 cm to 20.34 cm in length, 1.46 cm to 2.38 cm in width [7, 17]. The pod is composed of three parts : the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seeds, it is separated on the inside by transverse pulpy partitions and contains 8 to 16 seeds [7, 17]. The development of the fruit is slow and generally requires between 9 to 10 months to reach maturity and give a dark to black fruit between July and September [1]. Seeds : carob seeds are brown, flattened ovoid, biconvex and very hard. They are separated from each other by luscious partitions. The pale yellow pulp contained in the pods is floury and sweet when ripe, edible, with a chocolate taste, it is sometimes eaten in poor countries [7].

Interests and Use of the Carob

The carob tree is a tree of indisputable ecological, socio- economic, industrial and ornamental importance. In terms of products, the tree and all its components (leaf, flowers, fruits, seeds, wood, bark and roots) are useful [18].

Tree, because of its hardiness and its adaptation to environmental constraints, the carob tree is often used for the reforestation of areas affected by erosion and desertification [15, 19]. It is also used as an ornamental plant along roadsides and in gardens [1]. In forest areas, male plants are often pruned for fodder. Several studies have shown that the use of leaves associated with polyethylene glycol improves the digestibility and the nutritional quality of the tannins contained in the leaves [20].

Fruit of the carob tree (carob), consists of a pulp enveloping regular seeds. Indeed, the sweet pulp of carob has been used for a long time as livestock feed alongside other foods such as barley flour [7]. It is used in the human food industry, thanks to its high content of sugars and phenolic compound. It is also used for the production of alcohol, citric acid and as a cocoa substitute for the manufacture of chocolate, as it does not contain caffeine or theobromine. Pulp flour is used in the composition of several foods such as biscuits, milk flours [21, 22, 23].

Pulp is used against diarrhea and for the treatment of certain diseases gastritis, enteritis, angina, colds and cancer [24]. The seed, all parts of the carob seed (tegument, endosperm and cotyledon), play an important industrial and medical role, but the gum (endosperm), remains the most important, since it is used as a stabilizing agent, gelling, a fixative in various fields such as the food industry (cheese, mayonnaise, salads), cosmetics (creams, toothpastes), the pharmaceutical industry (medicines, syrup), tannery and textiles [1, 21].

The flower is used by beekeepers for the production of carob honey, while the leaves are useful for animal feed. The bark and roots are used in tanning thanks to their tannin content. The wood of the carob tree, hard, of red color is valued in coal and carpentry [25].

Phytochemistry

The pulp and the seeds are the two main constituents of the carob pod and represent respectively 90% and 10%

of its total weight [25]. According to several authors, the chemical composition of the pulp generally depends on the cultivar, the origin and sometimes the harvest period [26]. The pulp is widely used either as a dietary supplement, a substitute for chocolate or even in animal feed. It is very rich in sugar (48-56%) [19], in particular sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose, but low in protein (2-6%) and lipids (0.4-0.6%) including fatty acids saturated and unsaturated are in equal proportions [27]. From pod extract, five amino acids, namely alanine, glycine, leucine, proline and valine, have been isolated by Corsi L [23] and two other compound, tyrosine and phenylamine. In addition, the pulp also has a very high fiber content (20-50%) and a significant amount of tannin (18-20%) [28]. In addition, the mineralogical analysis carried out on the pulp revealed a composition (in mg/100g of the pulp) of : K=1110, Ca=307, Mg=42, Na=13, Cu=0.23, Fe=104, Mn=0.4 and Zn=0.59 [27].

The seed is composed of 30 to 33% integumentary envelope, 42 to 46% of the albumen and 23 to 25 of the embryo. The integumentary envelope is considered to be a natural source for the production of antioxidant polyphenol [29]. The albumen consists essentially of gum or galactomannan [30], which is a polysaccharide molecule composed of two sugar units, mannose and galactose, in a ratio of 4 :1. This natural polysaccharide is endowed with various important properties, namely high viscosity in water even at variable temperature and pH, ability to form from very dilute solution of stable viscous solution and high potentiality to react with other polysaccharides thus inducing a synergistic effect [28].

Pharmacology

Carob essential oil has antimicrobial, cytotoxic and pharmaceutical activities [31]. many clinical studies have highlighted the effectiveness of carob powder in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea [32], which was confirmed by the clinical study conducted by Loeb H [33] in children aged 3 to 21 months, that the intestinal transit, the temperature and the weight of the child improved more quickly after administration of carob powder orally. According to Rejeb M [15] the pulp is recommended against pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchial affections. Being rich in antioxidants (phenolic compounds), sugars, proteins, fibers, potassium and calcium, this plant is known therapeutically for its hypocholesterolemic effect [34], antiproliferative, antidiarrheal and digestive disorders [35, 32]. Other experimental studies have demonstrated the bactericidal capacities of carob pulp against Staphylococcus aureus, carob would also adsorb enterotoxins produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli and staphylococci as well as by the cholera vibrio, this mechanism of adsorption could be explained by the presence of tannins in the insoluble and active part of the carob [32]. In addition to its nematicidal power demonstrated by the work of El Allagui Nisrine [36], which due to its content of phenolic compounds, carob also has antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive influence of carob flour on the performance and health of animals subjected to a diet [37]. In addition, it plays an effective role in the suppression of intestinal parasites [38] and in the treatment of diarrhea [32]. Tannins, pectin and carotene were used in Egypt in traditional medicine [25]. According to some authors, the soluble fibers of the pulp can have a preventive or curative effect on human and animal health, thanks to the reduction of the risk of thrombosis through the reduction of blood pressure and the level of cholesterol in the serum [39]. In case of chronic renal insufficiency, the gum will retain in the digestive tract, urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia and phosphates causing a significant and beneficial lowering of the level of urea in the blood [35]. It is also used in the manufacture of an aromatic condiment from Senegal called netetu [40].

Conclusion

In Morocco the carob tree is scattered in the wild or artificial state throughout the country. The carob tree is one of the landscapes of the Mediterranean with an extraordinary adaptation to extreme conditions, in particular drought, salinity and poor, calcareous soils. The carob tree can play a key role in the economic (production of fruit, wood, job creation) and social structure of rural areas in Morocco.

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@article{rahal2024,
  title   = {Botanical, Chemical, and Pharmacological Characteristics of Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.)},
  author  = {Rahal El Kahkahi, Meryama Moustaine and Rachid Zouhair},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/jenr-16000384}
}
Rahal El Kahkahi, Meryama Moustaine and Rachid Zouhair (2024). Botanical, Chemical, and Pharmacological Characteristics of Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.). Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/jenr-16000384
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Botanical, Chemical, and Pharmacological Characteristics of Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.)
AU  - Rahal El Kahkahi, Meryama Moustaine and Rachid Zouhair
JO  - Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources
PY  - 2024
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.23880/jenr-16000384
ER  -